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1.
Ludovic Ferrand Boris New Marc Brysbaert Emmanuel Keuleers Patrick Bonin Alain Méot Maria Augustinova Christophe Pallier 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):488-496
The French Lexicon Project involved the collection of lexical decision data for 38,840 French words and the same number of
nonwords. It was directly inspired by the English Lexicon Project (Balota et al., 2007) and produced very comparable frequency
and word length effects. The present article describes the methods used to collect the data, reports analyses on the word
frequency and the word length effects, and describes the Excel files that make the data freely available for research purposes.
The word and pseudoword data from this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
2.
We present a new database of Dutch word frequencies based on film and television subtitles, and we validate it with a lexical
decision study involving 14,000 monosyllabic and disyllabic Dutch words. The new SUBTLEX frequencies explain up to 10% more
variance in accuracies and reaction times (RTs) of the lexical decision task than the existing CELEX word frequency norms,
which are based largely on edited texts. As is the case for English, an accessibility measure based on contextual diversity
explains more of the variance in accuracy and RT than does the raw frequency of occurrence counts. The database is freely
available for research purposes and may be downloaded from the authors’ university site at http://crr.ugent.be/subtlex-nl
or from http://brm psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
3.
Age of acquisition (AoA) is an important psycholinguistic variable that affects the speed and accuracy of lexical processing
in tasks such as word naming, picture naming, and lexical decision. In the present work, we collected AoA ratings for 1,749
Portuguese words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs), using a 9-point scale that was first proposed by Carroll and White
(1973). We analyzed the relation between AoA ratings and other psycholinguistic variables (length measures, neighborhood density,
written-word frequency, familiarity, imageability, and concreteness), and we assessed reliability by correlating our ratings
with those from other databases presented for Portuguese, English, Spanish, and Italian. The full database can be downloaded
from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
4.
Previous studies have shown a right-visual-field (RVF)/left-hemisphere (LH) advantage in Chinese phonetic compound pronunciation.
Here, we contrast the processing of two phonetic compound types: a dominant structure in which a semantic component appears
on the left and a phonetic component on the right (SP characters), and a minority structure with the opposite arrangement
(PS characters). We show that this RVF/LH advantage was observed only in SP character pronunciation, but not in PS character
pronunciation. This result suggests that SP character processing is more LH lateralized than is PS character processing and
is consistent with corresponding ERP N170 data. This effect may be due to the dominance of SP characters in the lexicon, which
makes readers opt to obtain phonological information from the right of the characters. This study thus shows that the overall
information distribution of word components in the lexicon may influence how written words are processed in the brain. Supplemental
materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn .psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
5.
This article presents affective ratings for 210 British English and Finnish nouns, including taboo words. The norms were collected with 135 native British English and 304 native Finnish speakers, who rated the words according to their emotional valence, emotional charge, offensiveness, concreteness, and familiarity. The ratings between the two languages were found to be strongly correlated. The present ratings were also strongly correlated with the American English emotional valence and arousal ratings available in the Affective Norms for English Words database (Bradley & Lang, 1999) and the Janschewitz (2008) database for taboo words. These ratings will help researchers to select stimulus materials for a wide range of experiments involving both monolingual and bilingual processing of British English and Finnish emotional words. Materials associated with this article may be accessed as an online supplement from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
6.
Robert A. Johnston Kevin Dent Glyn W. Humphreys Chris Barry 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):461-469
In the present study, we presented picture-naming latencies along with ratings for a set of important characteristics of pictures
and picture names: age of acquisition, frequency, picture-name agreement, name agreement, visual complexity, familiarity,
and word length. The validity of these data was established by calculating correlations with previous studies. Regression
analyses show that our ratings account for a larger amount of variance in RTs than do previous data. RTs were predicted by
all variables except complexity and length. A complete database presenting details about all of these variables is available
in the supplemental materials, downloadable from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
7.
Malay, a language spoken by 250 million people, has a shallow alphabetic orthography, simple syllable structures, and transparent
affixation—characteristics that contrast sharply with those of English. In the present article, we first compare the letter—phoneme
and letter—syllable ratios for a sample of alphabetic orthographies to highlight the importance of separating language-specific
from language-universal reading processes. Then, in order to develop a better understanding of word recognition in orthographies
with more consistent mappings to phonology than English, we compiled a database of lexical variables (letter length, syllable
length, phoneme length, morpheme length, word frequency, orthographic and phonological neighborhood sizes, and orthographic
and phonological Levenshtein distances) for 9,592 Malay words. Separate hierarchical regression analyses for Malay and English
revealed how the consistency of orthography—phonology mappings selectively modulates the effects of different lexical variables
on lexical decision and speeded pronunciation performance. The database of lexical and behavioral measures for Malay is available
at http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/ supplemental. 相似文献
8.
Pinheiro AP Soares AP Comesaña M Niznikiewicz M Gonçalves OF 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(4):1022-1029
This study presents a set of sentence contexts and their cloze probabilities for European Portuguese children and adolescents.
Seventy-three sentence contexts (35 low- and 38 high-constraint sentence stems) were presented to 90 children and 102 adolescents.
Participants were asked to complete the sentence contexts with the first word that came to mind. For each sentence context,
responses were listed and cloze probabilities of the words that were chosen to complete the sentence context were computed.
Additionally, idiosyncratic and invalid responses (structural and semantic errors) were analyzed. A high degree of consistency
in responses among the two age samples (children and adolescents) was found, along with a decrease of idiosyncratic and invalid
responses in older participants. These results shed light on age-related changes in the effects of linguistic context on word
production, and also in knowledge’s representation. The full set of norms may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
9.
Laura Manoiloff Marcela Artstein María Belén Canavoso Laura Fernández Juan Segui 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):452-460
The study of the cognitive processes in the production of language demands careful selection of stimuli and requires normative databases. The main goal of the present research was to collect normative data for the set of 400 figures taken from Cycowicz, Friedman, Rothstein, and Snodgrass (1997; including the 260 figures of Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980) using a sample of native Argentinean Spanish speakers. The pictures have been standardized on the following variables: name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, age of acquisition, and word association. The obtained norms were compared with the normative data of other studies in Spanish, English, and French. This comparison highlights the variability of some of the measures (e.g., name agreement in naming and verbal association) across the different studies and confirms the necessity of elaborating specific norms that are adapted to the studied population’s linguistic and sociocultural context. The norms described may be downloaded as supplemental materials for this article from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
10.
The present study provides a set of objective age of acquisition (AoA) norms for 223 Italian words that may be useful for
conducting cross-linguistic studies or experiments on Italian language processing. The data were collected by presenting children
from the ages of 2 to 11 with a normed picture set (Lotto, Dell’Acqua, & Job, 2001). Following the study of Morrison, Chappell,
and Ellis (1997), we report two measures of objective AoA. Both measures strongly correlated with each other, and they also
showed a good correlation with the rated AoA provided by adult participants. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between
the AoA measures and other variables used in psycholinguistic experiments. Regression analyses showed that familiarity, typicality,
and word frequency were significant predictors of AoA. AoA, but not word frequency, was found to determine naming latencies.
Finally, we present a path model in which AoA is a mediator in predicting speed in picture naming. The norms and the picture
set can also be downloaded from http://dpss.psy.unipd.it/files/strumenti.php and from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
11.
Ellen M. Migo Adrian Roper Daniela Montaldi Andrew R. Mayes 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):470-473
Word stem completion tasks involve showing participants a number of words and then later asking them to complete word stems
to make a full word. If the stem is completed with one of the studied words, it indicates memory. It is a test widely used
to assess both implicit and explicit forms of memory. An important aspect of stimulus selection is that target words should
not frequently be generated spontaneously from the word stem, to ensure that production of the word really represents memory.
In this article, we present a database of spontaneous stem completion rates for 395 stems from a group of 80 British undergraduate
psychology students. It includes information on other characteristics of the words (word frequency, concreteness, imageability,
age of acquisition, common part of speech, and number of letters) and, as such, can be used to select suitable words to include
in a stem completion task. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm .psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
12.
Takehiko Nishimoto Takashi Ueda Kaori Miyawaki Yuko Une Masaru Takahashi 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(3):685-691
Our purpose in the present study is to provide a normative set of nonsensical pictures known as droodles and to demonstrate
the role of semantic comprehension in facilitating recall of pictorial stimuli. The set consists of 98 pairs of droodles.
Experiment 1 standardized these pictorial stimuli with respect to several variables, such as appropriateness of verbal labels,
relationship between two droodles, and correct recall. Appropriateness of verbal labels was rated higher for pictures presented
in pairs than for pictures presented singly. Experiment 2 used the standardized set of droodles in a recall experiment similar
to those of Bower, Karlin, and Dueck (1975) and others. As we expected, semantic interpretation can strongly facilitate recall.
Multiple regression analysis showed that several measures had significant power of explanation for recall performance. The
full set of norms and pictures from this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
13.
A set of semantically neutral sentences and derived pseudosentences was produced by two native European Portuguese speakers
varying emotional prosody in order to portray anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and neutrality. Accuracy
rates and reaction times in a forced-choice identification of these emotions as well as intensity judgments were collected
from 80 participants, and a database was constructed with the utterances reaching satisfactory accuracy (190 sentences and
178 pseudosentences). High accuracy (mean correct of 75% for sentences and 71% for pseudosentences), rapid recognition, and
high-intensity judgments were obtained for all the portrayed emotional qualities. Sentences and pseudosentences elicited similar
accuracy and intensity rates, but participants responded to pseudosentences faster than they did to sentences. This database
is a useful tool for research on emotional prosody, including cross-language studies and studies involving Portuguese-speaking
participants, and it may be useful for clinical purposes in the assessment of brain-damaged patients. The database is available
for download from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
14.
The main objective of this study is to investigate the abstract-concrete dichotomy by introducing a new variable: the mode
of acquisition (MoA) of a concept. MoA refers to the way in which concepts are acquired: through experience, through language,
or through both. We asked 250 participants to rate 417 words on seven dimensions: age of acquisition, concreteness, familiarity,
context availability, imageability, abstractness, and MoA. The data were analyzed by considering MoA ratings and their relationship
with the other psycholinguistic variables. Distributions for concreteness, abstractness, and MoA ratings indicate that they
are qualitatively different. A partial correlation analysis revealed that MoA is an independent predictor of concreteness
or abstractness, and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis confirmed MoA as being a valid predictor of abstractness.
Strong correlations with measures for the English translation equivalents in the MRC database confirmed the reliability of
our norms. The full database of MoA ratings and other psycholinguistic variables may be downloaded from http:// brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental
or www.abstract-project.eu. 相似文献
15.
Valeria Manera Ben Schouten Cristina Becchio Bruno G. Bara Karl Verfaillie 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(1):168-178
We present the first database of communicative interactions reproduced through point-light displays (Communicative Interaction
Database). The database contains 20 communicative interactions performed by male and by female couples. For each action, we
provide movie files from four different viewpoints, as well as text files with the 3-D spatial coordinates of the point lights,
allowing researchers to construct customized versions. By including various types of actions performed with different social
motives, the database contains a diverse sample of nonconventional communicative gestures. Normative data collected to assess
the recognizability of the stimuli suggest that, for most action stimuli, information in point-light displays is sufficient
for clear recognition of the action as communicative, as well as for identification of the specific communicative gesture
performed by the actor. The full set of stimuli may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/ content/supplemental
and from http://ppw.kuleuven.be/labexppsy/lepSite/resources/CID.rar. 相似文献
16.
Word frequency is the most important variable in research on word processing and memory. Yet, the main criterion for selecting
word frequency norms has been the availability of the measure, rather than its quality. As a result, much research is still
based on the old Kučera and Francis frequency norms. By using the lexical decision times of recently published megastudies,
we show how bad this measure is and what must be done to improve it. In particular, we investigated the size of the corpus,
the language register on which the corpus is based, and the definition of the frequency measure. We observed that corpus size
is of practical importance for small sizes (depending on the frequency of the word), but not for sizes above 16–30 million
words. As for the language register, we found that frequencies based on television and film subtitles are better than frequencies
based on written sources, certainly for the monosyllabic and bisyllabic words used in psycholinguistic research. Finally,
we found that lemma frequencies are not superior to word form frequencies in English and that a measure of contextual diversity
is better than a measure based on raw frequency of occurrence. Part of the superiority of the latter is due to the words that
are frequently used as names. Assembling a new frequency norm on the basis of these considerations turned out to predict word
processing times much better than did the existing norms (including Kučera & Francis and Celex). The new SUBTL frequency norms
from the SUBTLEXUS corpus are freely available for research purposes from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental,
as well as from the University of Ghent and Lexique Web sites. 相似文献
17.
Michael P. Toglia 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):531-533
This article accompanies the archiving by the Pychonomic Society of the Toglia and Battig (1978) semantic word norms. Herein
are outlined the various phases of the project, as well as the challenges that were faced in staying the course during the
labor-intensive development of the norms. An examination of the number of citations of this set of norms over the years demonstrates
a stable employment of these norms by investigators in many fields. Indeed, a concluding section details the wide range of
research topics that have been studied with the use of this extensive set of word ratings. The complete Toglia and Battig
article and norms may be downloaded as supplemental materials for this article from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
18.
The present methodological note provides categorization norms for 70 semantic categories collected from 200 participants.
The categories were mainly derived from a French translation of the Van Overschelde, Rawson, and Dunlosky (2004) inductor
terms including a large set of semantic categories. Our study also extends recent French norms (Léger, Boumlak, & Tijus, 2008;
Marchal & Nicolas, 2003) and tests their stability. These 70 categories constitute the widest French categorization norms
to date and will be of use to studies in the fields of both linguistics and psycholinguistics. A cross-linguistic comparison,
with both quantitative and qualitative results, is also performed, which should prove useful for bilingual and/or cross-linguistic
studies. The norms collected for all 70 categories are available for download as supplemental materials from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
19.
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has become a common procedure in educational and psychological research. In the course of
performing an EFA, researchers often base the decision of how many factors to retain on the eigenvalues for the factors. However,
many researchers do not realize that eigenvalues, like all sample statistics, are subject to sampling error, which means that
confidence intervals (CIs) can be estimated for each eigenvalue. In the present article, we demonstrate two methods of estimating
CIs for eigenvalues: one based on the mathematical properties of the central limit theorem, and the other based on bootstrapping.
References to appropriate SAS and SPSS syntax are included. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from
http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
20.
Alberto Maydeu-Olivares Donna L. Coffman Carlos García-Forero David Gallardo-Pujol 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):618-625
We show how to test hypotheses for coefficient alpha in three different situations: (1) hypothesis tests of whether coefficient
alpha equals a prespecified value, (2) hypothesis tests involving two statistically independent sample alphas as may arise
when testing the equality of coefficient alpha across groups, and (3) hypothesis tests involving two statistically dependent
sample alphas as may arise when testing the equality of alpha across time or when testing the equality of alpha for two test
scores within the same sample. We illustrate how these hypotheses may be tested in a structural equation-modeling framework
under the assumption of normally distributed responses and also under asymptotically distribution free assumptions. The formulas
for the hypothesis tests and computer code are given for four different applied examples. Supplemental materials for this
article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献