Classificatory Theory in Data-intensive Science: The Case of Open Biomedical Ontologies

Knowledge-making practices in biology are being strongly affected by the availability of data on an unprecedented scale, the insistence on systemic approaches and growing reliance on bioinformatics and digital infrastructures. What role does theory play within data-intensive science, and what does that tell us about scientific theories in general? To answer these questions, I focus on Open Biomedical Ontologies, digital classification tools that have become crucial to sharing results across research contexts in the biological and biomedical sciences, and argue that they constitute an example of classificatory theory. This form of theorizing emerges from classification practices in conjunction with experimental know-how and expresses the knowledge underpinning the analysis and interpretation of data disseminated online.     

The Rise of Citizen Science in Health and Biomedical Research

Citizen science models of public participation in scientific research represent a growing area of opportunity for health and biomedical research, as well as new impetus for more collaborative forms of engagement in large-scale research. However, this also surfaces a variety of ethical issues that both fall outside of and build upon the standard human subjects concerns in bioethics. This article provides background on citizen science, examples of current projects in the field, and discussion of established and emerging ethical issues for citizen science in health and biomedical research.     

The Role of Science in Medicine

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics - A suitable demarcation between pure science and applied research can be drawn in terms of their goals. This distinction of goals has methodological and cultural...     

现代医学异化现象的再讨论——兼论疗治型国家的诞生

现代医学异化现象,首先,要从医学职业化进程中承认异化的客观性和偶然性;其次,要从官僚化和市场化角度,认清知识、技术和消费如何围绕权力形成“疗治型国家”;再次,应从日常生活意识中,反思现代医学异化所造成的非家庭化结果及其表现;最后,我国现代医患关系,既表现出陌生人社会中的“物的关系”,又表现为熟人社会中的“人情关系”,而我国医学异化的本土特征是围绕“人情”形成的医学境遇异化。因此,立足本土情境特征,是重新理解我国医学异化现象特殊性的必由之路,也是“治愈”我国医学异化“阵痛”的“对症”之药。

     

法制环境下的现代医学--一个必须面对的新问题

法制社会强调医疗行为的合法性.强调现代医学的法制环境主要目的是规范医疗行为,合法行医,和谐医患关系和防止医学科学技术的异化造成伦理和社会危机.法制医学对医务人员的责任要求包括:强制责任(救治责任)、民事责任、刑事责任、诉讼的举证责任和医疗免责条件.     

The Rules of the Game: Forensic Medicine and the Language of Science in the Structuring of Modern Ritual Murder Trials

When ritual murder trials reappeared in central Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they could not be articulated in pre-Reformation language and symbols. Prosecutors, magistrates, trial judges, and police investigators shared an implicit understanding that a new universe of knowledge was in place in which academic experts and practitioners of science defined the boundaries—linguistic and conceptual—of plausible argument and were to be accorded deference. This does not mean that popular beliefs and understandings of Jewish ritual murder suddenly ceased to be disseminated or no longer influenced courtroom proceedings, or that zealous investigators and prosecutors did not pursue their cases armed with a priori assumptions about likely perpetrators and their motives. But cultural material, psychological predispositions, and even narrative accounts built upon eyewitness testimony could never suffice to move either the state to indict or a jury, or a panel of judges, to convict. Whatever nonrational thinking or prejudices may have accompanied it, the modern ritual murder trial was structured by powerful, if implicit, rules of expression and authority: it could only be articulated through the epistemological categories and idioms of a culture that understood itself to be both rational and scientific. What commands our attention, then, in the Tiszaeszlár, Xanten, and other modern ritual murder trials are the processes whereby ritual murder discourse bent—as it were—to the discipline of modernity, as exemplified by the structures and rules of legal procedure, parliamentary politics, mass-circulation journalism, criminology, medicine, and forensic science.     

The Contingency of Creation and Modern Science

The Bible reveals a free, contingent act of the triune, personal God as the origin of the world. This paper explores the fruitfulness of taking the contingency of creation as the starting-point for our thinking about the natural world. We will see that the contingency of creation implies a conception of the natural order which is in harmony with modern science. It is the foundation for the experimental method and the use of mathematics, provides an understanding of contingent laws of nature, shows that natural order is open to historical evolution, and makes room for chance and novelty.     

传教士对中国近代医学的贡献

传教士在中国近代的医疗活动促进了西医的传播和发展,培养了医学人才;借鉴了国外管理体制,提供了医学教育模式;发扬了医生职业道德,解除了人民疾苦;建立了乡村医疗网,揭开了中国近代公共卫生事业的序幕.     

传教士对中国近代医学的贡献

传教士在中国近代的医疗活动促进了西医的传播和发展,培养了医学人才;借鉴了国外管理体制,提供了医学教育模式;发扬了医生职业道德,解除了人民疾苦;建立了乡村医疗网,揭开了中国近代公共卫生事业的序幕。     

科学的划界与医学：—一论在医学中坚持科学精神

这里所论的科学划界标准是就自然科学而言的，区分科学与非科学最重要的标准是它的可检验性和可重复性。科学的这个划界标准今天并未过时，医学和一般自然科学相比有其特点，但其为实验科学的医学也应坚持这个标准。     

"The End of all our Exploring" in Science and Theology

Abstract. The present malaise of religion—and of theology, its intellectual formulation—in Western society is analyzed, with some personal references, especially with respect to its history in the United Kingdom and the United States. The need for a more open theology that takes account of scientific perspectives is urged. An indication of the understandings of God and of God's relation to the world which result from an exploration starting from scientific perspectives is expounded together with their fruitful relation to some traditional themes. The implications of this for the future of theology are suggested, not least in relation to the new phase, beginning in 2003, of the development of the Zygon Center for Religion and Science. In a concluding reflection the hope is expressed that the shared global experience and perspectives generated by the sciences might form a more common and acceptable starting point than hitherto for the exploration towards God of the seekers of many religious traditions and of none.     

论现代高科技在中药复方研究中的应用

中药复方是中医临床治疗的重要方法。由于具有多组分、多环节协同作用的特色,因此在某些方面可能优于以单一成分为主的西药。但是这一特点也增加了对其治疗机理进行研究的难度,从而影响到中医药的进一步发展和走向世界。本文认为应用现代高新技术是中医复方研究和发展的必由之路,但是在具体应用时应注意中医药本身所具有的独特的理论框架和思路,不能拘泥于西药药用植物的研究思路和方法。     

现代姑息医学内涵在实践中的演化

积极开展姑息医学服务已成肿瘤临床工作者的共同实践,并使其在实践中得到发展。姑息医学在肿瘤整体治疗中的作用和地位已逐渐受到同行的认同,提高了肿瘤工作者对姑息医学实践的参与热情,使业内有识之士从全新的角度对姑息医学的内涵进行审视。本文拟结合姑息医学的发展历程及不同分期肿瘤患者姑息治疗的内容介绍现代姑息医学内涵的演化过程。     

现代姑息医学内涵在实践中的演化

积极开展姑息医学服务已成肿瘤临床工作者的共同实践,并使其在实践中得到发展.姑息医学在肿瘤整体治疗中的作用和地位已逐渐受到同行的认同.提高了肿瘤工作者对姑息医学实践的参与热情.使业内有识之士从全新的角度对姑息医学的内涵进行审视.本文拟结合姑息医学的发展历程及不同分期肿瘤患者姑息治疗的内容介绍现代姑息医学内涵的演化过程.     

中世纪的修道院医学对近代西医体制化的影响

中世纪的修道院医学使超自然疾病观死灰复燃,从而严重阻碍了对疾病生理机制的探讨。但从医学社会体制的视角看,它孕育了近代医院与医学院的雏形,打破了古代医疗活动以家庭为中心的传统,促成了古代个体医学向近代群体医学的过渡。     

现代医学发展对中西医结合教学的影响

医学教育与医学发展始终是同步互动的.现代医学在走势趋向、目的审视、模式转换、质量提升、健康需求、教育变革等方面的发展变化,全面影响着中西医结合的教学定位、教学理念、教学思想、教学要求、教学内容和教学方法,昭示着中西医结合教学的前景和方向.