Language Use and Coalition Formation in Multiparty Negotiations

The alignment of bargaining positions is crucial to a successful negotiation. Prior research has shown that similarity in language use is indicative of the conceptual alignment of interlocutors. We use latent semantic analysis to explore how the similarity of language use between negotiating parties develops over the course of a three‐party negotiation. Results show that parties that reach an agreement show a gradual increase in language similarity over the course of the negotiation. Furthermore, reaching the most financially efficient outcome is dependent on similarity in language use between the parties that have the most to gain from such an outcome.     

Cooptation and Coalition Mobilization1

The question addressed by this research was, “When structural circumstances make revolutionary action likely, under what conditions will a cooptation strategy prevent subordinate revolts?” Experimental procedures established a group status hierarchy consisting of a leader and two subordinates. Groups earned collective outcomes, and the leader usurped an inequitable portion of these outcomes. In this context, the first experiment shows that a cooptation strategy (i.e., offer of a promotion to one of two subordinates) inhibits subordinate revolts. Two additional experiments indicate that the cooptation strategy is most effective (a) if the offer (strategy) provides the target of cooptation a source of personal gain; (b) if theoffer (strategy) is a result of the leader's own volition, rather than situational constraints; and (c) if the leader converys a strong commitment to follow through on the promotion offer. The results are interpreted with reference to subjective-expected-utility and reciprocity theories.     

The Effects of Spatial Density on the Social Behavior of Children1

The behavioral effects of high and low spatial density on normal children of ages 4 and 5 were examined. Sixty Ss were observed in groups of six in a free-play situation under both density conditions. Results showed that there was significantly less aggression and less social interaction in the high-density condition than in the low-dcnsity condition. Thcrc was a significant Density X Sex effect o n aggression and signficant main effects of sex on aggression, nurturance, number of interruptions, and number of children interacted with. Several complexities in researching and explaining the effects of density on behaviors are discussed.     

The Effects of Locus of Control on Coalition Formation Among College Females

Past research in coalition formation reveals differing strategies between sexes, and that females tend to follow the Anti-Competitive Theory. The present study tries to show that a theory of coalition formation based solely on sex is inadequate and suggests that personality variables be included in explaining this phenomenon. The personality variable chosen for this study was the locus of control.
Based on their scores on the locus of control scale, 45 college coeds were placed into three categories of triads: externals, mixed and internals. Each subject was in turn assigned weights of 4, 3, and 2 in playing a dice game where they could form alliances or play individually. Results indicated that both the frequency and the pattern of coalitions formed were significantly influenced by locus of control, thus the findings lend support to the basic reasoning of the researchers.     

Social Density,Interpersonal Relationships,and Residential Crowding Stress1

Research has suggested that tripled rooms may be characterized by a coalition of two roommate(s) and a third, left-out rommate (i.e., the isolate) who is more vulnerable to crowding and control-related problems. The present study sought (1) to confirm the existence of two person coalitions in tripled rooms and (2) to further explore the mediating effects of interpersonal relationships on crowding stress and related problems. Thirty intact groups of roommates from doubled rooms (n= 60) and 39 intact groups of roommates from tripled rooms (n= 117) completed a set of surveys concerned with residential experiences. Results suggested that crowding stress previously associated with tripled residential settings may be mediated by interpersonal relationships; tripled residents who had negative interpersonal relationships with their roommates reported being more bothered by crowding, at both the beginning and end of the semester, than doubled residents who expressed negativity towards their roommate. Satisfaction with privacy was also influenced not only by the number of people with whom a resident shared a room, but also by the nature of the resident's interpersonal relationships with his/her roommate(s). Data also suggest that control-related problems may be a direct outcome of poor interpersonal relationships among inhabitants. Results also indicated that only a small percentage of tripled rooms were characterized by reciprocal, two person coalitions.     

Story Coalitions: Applying Narrative Theory to the Study of Coalition Formation

This article explores the potential of incorporating narrative theory into the study of coalition formation. Following a discussion of the role of narratives in group‐formation processes in a coalition‐driven dynamic, we offer a theoretical framework to examine the ways political stories espoused by people are mirrored by the partisan system. We integrate theoretical assumptions of narrative studies with coalition‐formation theories in an attempt to frame coalition‐formation models in terms of voters' political stories. We test our theoretical framework by simulating various possible coalitions in the Israeli 2009 elections and assess the results based upon data from an exit poll survey.     

Social Network Mediation Analysis: A Latent Space Approach

Psychometrika - A social network comprises both actors and the social connections among them. Such connections reflect the dependence among social actors, which is essential for individuals’...     

家庭收入与青少年社会适应：家庭社会资本的中介作用

为了探讨家庭社会资本在家庭收入对青少年社会适应影响中的中介作用,选取了418名农村小学3-6年小学生作为被试,采用家庭经济压力问卷、同伴提名法、学习成绩、孤独感问卷和家庭社会资本问卷进行研究。结果表明：（1）家庭经济压力与学业成就、同伴接纳存在显著的负相关,与孤独感存在显著正相关;（2）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响学业成就（中介效应值为–0.14）;（3）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响孤独感（中介效应值为0.03）;（4）家庭经济压力通过家庭社会资本的完全中介作用影响同伴接纳（中介效应值为–0.07）。研究得出,家庭收入完全通过家庭社会资本来影响青少年的社会适应。     

Emotion Regulation and Middle School Adjustment in Japanese Girls: Mediation by Perceived Social Support

Prior research has stated that successful emotion regulation (ER) contributes to psychological health and favorable interpersonal relationships. However, few studies have explored adaptive ER strategies in a school setting. The present study targeted Japanese female adolescents and examined the relationship between two specific ER strategies (reappraisal and suppression) and school adjustment, with social support as a mediating variable. Two hundred and seventy Japanese middle school girls completed measures of ER, perceived social support, and subjective school adjustment. The results showed that school adjustment was highest among reappraisers, followed by a balanced group who used both strategies with equal frequency, then suppressors. In addition, reappraisal showed both direct and indirect effects on school adjustment, while suppression showed only a negative indirect effect on school adjustment. Our findings suggest that reappraisal is an effective strategy that promotes receiving social support and consequently enhances school adjustment. Suppression, on the other hand, has neither favorable nor harmful impacts on school adjustment, but may, in the long run, result in poorer adjustment by impairing social relationships among adolescent girls.     

父母冲突对青少年社交焦虑的影响：序列中介效应分析

采用父母冲突儿童知觉量表(CPIC)、父母关系安全感量表(SIS Scale)和社交焦虑分量表调查480名高中生,运用偏差矫正的百分位Bootstrap方法探索青少年对父母冲突的威胁知觉和情绪不安全感在父母冲突水平与青少年社交焦虑之间的序列中介作用。本研究同时检验认知情境理论和情绪安全感理论,发现青少年对父母冲突的威胁知觉对其情绪不安全感的不同维度存在不同影响,从而更为完善地揭示父母冲突影响青少年社交焦虑的内部机制。具体来说,父母冲突主要通过三条途径影响青少年社交焦虑:通过威胁知觉的中介作用;通过情绪不安全感,特别是消极表征的中介作用;通过依次影响威胁知觉和情绪不安全感(特别是消极表征和情绪失调)而正向预测青少年社交焦虑。     

课程学习经历提升青少年社会参与素养：链式中介效应

运用基于学校的研究范式,以上海市某中学为样本学校,考察社会参与特色课程学习经历对青少年社会参与素养的影响机制。结果显示:（1）修学的特色课程门数（量）、情感体验（质）、公共服务动机和社会参与素养两两显著正相关;（2）情感体验和公共服务动机在课程学习数量和社会参与素养间发挥部分中介作用;（3）未发现基础课程成绩在链式中介中起调节作用。研究为通过加强课程情感体验进而提升青少年核心素养提供了积极启示。     

Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology: Current Practices and New Recommendations

A key aim of social psychology is to understand the psychological processes through which independent variables affect dependent variables in the social domain. This objective has given rise to statistical methods for mediation analysis. In mediation analysis, the significance of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables has been integral in theory testing, being used as a basis to determine (1) whether to proceed with analyses of mediation and (2) whether one or several proposed mediator(s) fully or partially accounts for an effect. Synthesizing past research and offering new arguments, we suggest that the collective evidence raises considerable concern that the focus on the significance between the independent and dependent variables, both before and after mediation tests, is unjustified and can impair theory development and testing. To expand theory involving social psychological processes, we argue that attention in mediation analysis should be shifted towards assessing the magnitude and significance of indirect effects.     

The Non-Conceptual Dimension of Social Mediation: Toward a Materialist Aufhebung of Hegel

ABSTRACT

Sellars’s relationship with Hegel is complex and itself ‘dialectical‘ in interesting ways. Sellars follows Hegel in recognizing that the normativity essential to intentionality and conceptuality is a social phenomenon. But Sellars criticizes Hegel for his inability to independently explain the emergence and function of this essential group phenomenon. I shall argue that Sellars’s critique of Hegel on this count is part of a larger, metaphysically ambitious and rigorously realistic position, which, though turning Hegel’s ontology on its head, shares with Hegel the methodological ambition of arriving at a position which is globally explanatorily closed. Further, it will be suggested that although Sellars would surely have been critical of the ontological reification of Hegel’s dialectical method, he nonetheless reserves an important role for conceptual dialectical development right at the heart of his system, namely in his understanding of the conceptual evolution that leads from the manifest to the scientific image. Finally, I shall argue that Sellars thereby aspires to provide nothing less than a materialist aufhebung of idealist Hegelian dialectics.     

The Formation of Social Relationships A Longitudinal Study of Social Penetration

This study investigated three levels of self-disclosure (public, semiprivate, private-personal) in the social penetration process. The study addressed three questions. (1) What is the nature of changes in the three levels of disclosure over time? (2) Is self-disclosure reciprocated at the three levels of intimacy? (3) Does reciprocity vary over time and, if so, how does it vary? Same-sex zero-history dyads participated in a six-week longitudinal study. The half-hour taped conversations were submitted to interaction analysis. Polynomial trend analyses and Markov analyses were used to analyze the data. The results showed: (1) a convex quadratic trend for private-personal disclosures over time; (2) reciprocity at the same level of intimacy as an interactional norm (especially at the beginning and end of the relationship); (3) a cyclical fluctuation of reciprocal interacts over time. These results were interpreted as elaborating the social penetration process.     

Violation of a Spacing Norm in High Social Density

A field experiment investigated violation of the spacing norm which keeps distance between people in a particular type of crowding, high social density, when the number of people in an area is large but space is not necessarily restricted. The proportion of people passing a drinking fountain who drank from the fountain was observed in conditions of high and low social density and, for each of these densities, when a confederate stood one foot from the fountain and when no one stood near the fountain. Three hundred passersby were observed in each of the four conditions. The observations supported the conclusion that the spacing norm was followed in low social density ( p <.01) but violated under conditions of high social density for reasons other than lack of space. Interpretation focused on several concomitants of high social density, especially excessive social stimulation, and the accompanying tendencies to attribute less of the usual social meanings to people and honor fewer of their expectations.     

Optimism and College Retention: Mediation by Motivation,Performance, and Adjustment1

Although higher education has been linked to better income, longer life expectancy, and better health, about 25–45% of incoming college freshmen never graduate. The current study examined whether optimistic expectancies are associated with college retention. Participants (N = 2,189) were given surveys when entering college, and academic records were attained after freshman year completion. Dispositional and academic optimism were associated with less chance of dropping out of college, as well as better motivation and adjustment. Academic optimism was also associated with higher grade point average (GPA). Structural equation models revealed that dispositional optimism predicted retention through motivation and adjustment, which in turn predicted retention. Academic optimism, on the other hand, predicted retention through its effect on GPA, motivation, and adjustment.     

The Response to Density in Residential Settings: The Mediating Effects of Social and Personal Variables1

In recent years, conceptualizations of the human crowding phenomena have developed from simple deterministic ones to those that emphasize the interaction of environmental, social, and personal variables. Furthermore, the influences of many variables suspected to mediate the density response relationship have been empirically tested in a variety of settings. It must be recognized, however, that the results of these tests may be setting specific and may not generalize to other setting types. The present study examines the influence of the social relationship between occupants, perceived similarity, formal group structure, and previous residential experience on the association between household density and attitudinal, behavioral, and health measures of well-being. The results of a survey analysis suggest that household density does have effects on satisfaction and behavior; however, no health effects were found. Furthermore, these reactions to density are exacerbated when the social relationship between occupants is close and when individuals have a history of high density living conditions. Although some results seem counterintuitive, they can be explained by adopting a dynamic casual model of crowding.     

社交网站使用对青少年孤独感的影响:链式中介效应分析

为探讨社交网站使用、线上积极反馈、友谊质量和青少年孤独感的关系,采用社交网站使用强度问卷、线上积极反馈问卷、友谊质量量表和孤独感量表对538名中学生进行调查,结果发现:(1)社交网站使用与线上积极反馈和友谊质量都呈显著正相关,而与孤独感显著负相关,线上积极反馈与友谊质量显著正相关,而且两者都与孤独感显著负相关;(2)社交网站使用对孤独感没有直接的预测作用,但能通过两条路径的间接作用影响青少年孤独感:通过线上积极反馈的中介作用;通过线上积极反馈和友谊质量的链式中介作用。研究结果揭示了社交网站使用对青少年孤独感的影响及其作用机制,能为网络时代的青少年降低孤独感提供有益启示。     

错失恐惧与社交网站成瘾：有调节的中介模型

为探讨错失恐惧、自我损耗及关系型自我构念对社交网站成瘾的影响及作用机制,本研究基于有限自制力模型,采用问卷法调查了526名微信朋友圈或QQ空间的大学生用户。结果发现：（1）在控制性别的条件下,错失恐惧能显著正向预测社交网站成瘾;（2）错失恐惧还通过自我损耗的中介作用间接预测社交网站成瘾;（3）关系型自我构念调节错失恐惧通过自我损耗预测社交网站成瘾的前半路径。具体来说,相比于低关系型自我构念个体,高关系型自我构念个体的错失恐惧更多地通过自我损耗影响其社交网站成瘾。