心理学作为国际化学科所面临的国际化挑战

心理学是什么样的学科？是一个独立的学科还是众多本土化学科的联合体？对这些问题的回答将会使心理学面临许多学科国际化的挑战。从国际心理科学联合会的角度来看,围绕这些问题涌现出了各种各样的看法。一类看法涉及心理学家的培养是否具有共同的基础,需要何种水平的训练方可成为一名“心理学家”以及心理学家的跨国流动性如何;另一类看法涉及政府和公众对心理学的认识,即心理学是否是一门真正对社会福祉有所作为的学科。     

Heideggerian Meditations on an Alternative Ontology for Ecological Psychology: A Response to Turvey's (1992) Proposal

In his last book, Gibson (1979/1986) clearly described crucial elements for an ontology for ecological psychology, but left his overarching ontology implicit and incomplete. As a partial remedy, Turvey (1992) presented a compact, well- packaged outline of an ontology for ecological psychology derived in part from the work of Bunge. In appreciation of Turvey's pioneering and thought-provoking attack on this difficult issue, we offer our own reflections on Turvey's propertied realism. In reviewing Turvey's work we use both the insights of Heidegger and recent experimental findings in ecological psychology to argue for the need for a different ontological foundation. We argue that a Heideggerian ontology can provide us with a broader and more complete ontological foundation with which to deal with complex issues, such as prospective control, than can Turvey's proposed ontology. Also, we suggest that a Heideggerian ontology can be used to supply what is missing or understated in Gibson. We argue against propertied realism as a basis for ecological psychology's ontology and contend that a proper conception of intentionality provides a way to transcend traditional object-subject ontologies. We propose that fields should be considered real ontological entities that differ from matter. Finally, we reflect on how the highly nonscientific language of Heidegger might possibly be formalized to make it more suitable for scientific use.     

Attitude and Behavior in (Classic) Social Psychology and Rabbinic Thought: Implications for Psychology of Religion Research

Certainly attitudes influence behavior; however, less intuitively obvious is the empirical literature revealing that external behavior affects internal attitudes sometimes even more powerfully. This article explores the parallel literatures about the relationship between attitude and behavior in social psychology and the rabbinic tradition. Judaism, characterized by orthopraxy, has considerably more emphasis on legislated behavior than belief, doctrine, or attitude. Moreover, rabbinic text is replete with observations that complement the empirical demonstrations of social psychology. These relate to the causal influence of behavior on attitude, behavioral factors leading to internalization or externalization, and the relationship between effort and satisfaction.     

Distinguishing interpretation from fact (DIFF): A computerized drill for methodology courses

It is important for psychologists to distinguish between statements of fact and opinions in the research reports they read or hear. Surprisingly, this basic skill is not readily observed in undergraduate students. A computerized laboratory activity is described that permits students to practice this discrimination, and demonstration data are reported to support the effectiveness of the exercise.     

The photoneuromime: An artificial visual neuron for dynamic testing of computer-controlled experiments

The photoneuromime is a simple electronic device that produces frequency-modulated pulses resembling neural spike trains in response to light modulation. It simulates the linear behavior of cat retinal ganglion X-cell receptive field centers and was designed for testing computer programs that track sensitivity to patterns generated on a raster-scan CRT. Besides providing a convenient means for testing computer programs and recording apparatus, which previously required the use of a live preparation, the neuromime is also a valuable teaching tool in sensory psychology and neuroscience.     

Research on psychological testing supervision using the Holloway (1995) method: a critique of DeCato (2002)

DeCato (2002) conducted a brief quantitative study of the supervision process in psychological testing based on a method developed by Holloway in 1995. The study demonstrated the utility of the method but had many shortcomings limiting generalizability of outcomes. A brief critique of the DeCato research with suggestions to address the use of this method in researching child and adolescent testing supervision is undertaken.     

The project of an International Congress of Psychology by J. Ochorowicz (1881)

Since the second part of the 19th century, there has been a great increase in the number of international scientific congresses, and they appear a necessary step in the maturation of knowledge. The first person to explicitly suggest the necessity of an international congress of psychology was Julian Ochorowicz (1850–1917), who was considered the founder of Polish psychology. In 1881 he sent an article to Théodule Ribot, editor of Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger, entitled “Project of an International Congress of Psychology,” which was published in Ribot's journal. In it he described the dispersed state of psychology in 1881 and the previous 50 years, including 12 subdisciplines ranging from psychophysics to the psychology of art, and how it should aim for unification. He suggested collective efforts to progress rapidly, with widespread collaboration and the continuous exchange of observations, information, and experiments. Having international congresses would constitute a forum for such exchanges, and in his article he outlined the steps that should be taken for putting together the first international congress of psychology. The proposal was quite extensive and fanciful, making Ribot somewhat doubt its realizability. Nevertheless, the first international psychology congress took place in Paris in 1889, 8 years after the publication of Ochorowicz's article. This quick development could be attributed to the creation of the psychology societies, one of the first being La Société de Psychologie Physiologique, which was created in France in 1885. The creation of this society also contributed to psychology being recognized as a scientific domain. In line with this, the final programme of the congress was less extensive than that proposed in Ochorowicz's article, focusing on physiological aspects and ignoring the philosophical ones. In the present paper, the historical context of Ochorowicz's article is outlined, followed by a translation of his article.     

An efficient computerized testing method for the capuchin monkey (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cebus apella</Emphasis>): Adaptation of the LRC-CTS to a socially housed nonhuman primate species

Even with advances in automated testing techniques, the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) can be a difficult species to test in the laboratory, given its social/behavioral tendencies and typical activity pattern. Laboratories that maintain social colonies of capuchin monkeys are able to separate and test individuals, but the process can be very effortful and time consuming, and the resulting data can be modest in quantity. The present article describes procedures and apparatuses that were used to train a colony of computer-naive capuchin monkeys to quickly and reliably isolate themselves from group members and interact with a computerized test system in order to produce a large volume of data. Several elements that were important in motivating the monkeys to participate are discussed.     

Rational skepticism: A scientific review of Witts' (2018) criticisms of the PEAK relational training system

Witts' (2018) review of the peer-reviewed research on the PEAK-Direct Training Module (Dixon, 2014) yielded a divergent conclusion from that of previous reviews (Reed & Luiselli, 2016; Dixon, Belisle, McKeel et al., 2017). Witts advocates for skepticism of this research due to methodological shortcomings, hyperclaiming of results, and inappropriate statistical testing procedures. We identified 30 criticisms in Witts' review, respond to each, and argue that all but 2 (7%) contain untrue assumptions (7, 23%), are not novel (5, 17%), are logically invalid (7, 23%), or are more appropriately framed as criticisms of applied behavior analytic research more generally (9, 30%). The two criticisms that support Witts' purpose in writing his review are minor and not fatal. We discuss all of Witts' criticisms both specifically and broadly to illustrate that most of his suggestions about applied behavior analytic research may actually serve to hinder progress in a discipline moving toward larger-scale research.     

(The) Body (of) Knowledge: Somatic Contributions to the Practice of Sport Psychology

Much of applied sport psychology focuses on mental training or mental skills. There is clearly great benefit in looking at the mental aspects of performance and experience. In this article, we explore how mental aspects (language/mind) can be considered in a broader perspective of the human being, which includes emotion/mood and the body. We illustrate how a somatic view (e.g., Strozzi-Heckler, 2003 Strozzi-Heckler, R. 2003. Being human at work: Bringing somatic intelligence into your professional life, Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.  [Google Scholar], 2007 Strozzi-Heckler, R. 2007. “Leadership dojo”. In The change handbook , (2nd ed.,, Edited by: Holman, P., Devane, T. and Cady, S. 239–243. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.  [Google Scholar]) creates potentially powerful methods of working through the body, enabling a more holistic approach to understanding and helping clients. Examples of using these methods in sport psychology consultations with collegiate and other elite athletes and performers are presented. A case study shows how these perspectives are incorporated into initial consultations, intakes, and interventions. The intention here is that the ideas, experiences, and tools presented will help expand the service repertoires of sport psychology practitioners.     

The Psychology of Simonton's Science: Commentary on Simonton (2009)

ABSTRACT— One key assumption of the psychology of science is that psychological factors make certain interests, talents, and abilities more likely and others less likely ( Feist, 2006 ). The line of argument that Simonton (2009 , this issue) puts forth—integrating and uniting the metaliteratures on dispositional and developmental influences on scientific and artistic creativity—is not only consistent with this assumption from the psychology of science, but it is also a breeding ground for a host of testable hypotheses and calls for future empirical investigations. Given Simonton's own extraordinary levels of scientific creativity, indeed it would be interesting to turn his ideas back on him to see how his science is a product of his own developmental and dispositional experiences. We'll leave that, however, for future biographers and psychologists of science.     

The (Old) New Realism: What Holt Has to Offer for Ecological Psychology

As Ecological Psychology pushes into new areas, success will be made easier by a rediscovery its theoretical history, in particular the “New Realism”, lead in part by E. B. Holt. Three New Realists tenants seem particularly relevant: (1) we experience reality, (2) relations are real, and (3) things are what you see when you see those things. Though the two groups differ in terms of their conception of perception, and what can be perceived, their conceptions are related in very insightful ways. Further, the comparison reemphasizes the extent of unique empirical claims ecological psychologists make, and grounds those claims within a larger framework for psychology as a whole. This makes obvious the need for further work on the mathematics of invariants, the physiological mechanisms of information extraction, and the behaviors of perception.