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1.
The quantitative significance of the underutilization of immigrant skills may be assessed, albeit imprecisely, in human-capital earnings analysis. Earnings deficits of immigrants may arise from: (a) lower immigrant skill quality, (b) underutilization of immigrant skills, and (c) pay inequities for immigrants doing the same work as native-born Canadians. Consistent with numerous studies, data from the 1996 census micro-data show that underutilization of immigrant skills is significant, though less so than unequal pay within occupations. In 1996 dollars, the total annual immigrant earnings deficit from all three sources was 15.0 billion, of which15.0 billion, of which 2.4 billion was related to skill underutilization, and 12.6 billion was related to pay inequity. Discussion considers adjustments to these estimates, taking account of difficulties measuring the skill levels of occupations and immigrant skill quality. < / div > < div class=Ä bstract» < a name=Ä bs2» < / a > La signification quantitative de la sous- utilisation des qualifications immigré es peut ê tre é valué e, quoique sans pré cision, dans l¢ analyse humain- capitale de revenus. Les dé ficits de revenus des immigré s peuvent surgir de: ( a) la qualité immigré e infé rieure de compé tence, ( b) sous- utilisation des qualifications immigré es, et ( c) injustices de salaire pour des immigré s faisant la mê me chose fonctionnent les Canadiens indigè nesoutenus. Conformé aux nombreuses é tudes, donné es des micro- donné es 1996 de recensement prouvent que la sous- utilisation des qualifications immigré es est significative, cependant moins ainsi que le salaire
112.6 billion was related to pay inequity. Discussion considers adjustments to these estimates, taking account of difficulties measuring the skill levels of occupations and immigrant skill quality. 相似文献
2.
Summary The sentential calculi R, under discussion, are axiomatizable and implication is among their primitive terms. The modus ponens and the rule of substitution
are their primitive rules. By S
r
is denoted the set of sentences obtained from the formulae of the calculus R by substituting sentences of a given language for all variables. The variables x, y, z ... represent the elements of the set S
r
, the variables X, Y, Z ... represent the subsets of S
R
. The formula cxy designates an implication with x as its antecedent and y as its consequent, cxy is always an element of S
R
δ(X) means, that X is closed with respect to the modus ponens rule. A
R
designates the class of all S
R
-substitutions of the axioms of the sentential calculus R. 相似文献
3.
La signification quantitative de la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées peut être évaluée, quoique sans précision,
dans l'analyse humain-capitale de revenus. Les déficits de revenus des immigrés peuvent surgir de: (a) la qualité immigrée
inférieure de compétence, (b) sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées, et (c) injustices de salaire pour des immigrés
faisant la même chose fonctionnent les Canadiens indigènesoutenus. Conformé aux nombreuses études, données des micro-données
1996 de recensement prouvent que la sous-utilisation des qualifications immigrées est significative, cependant moins ainsi
que le salaire inégal dans des métiers. En 1996 dollars, tout le déficit immigré annuel de revenus de chacune des trois sources
était 15,0 milliards, dont15,0 milliards, dont 2,4 milliards ont été liés à la sous-utilisation de compétence, et 12,6 milliards ont é té lié s à l¢ injustice de salaire. La discussion considè re des ajustements à ces é valuations, tenant compte des difficulté s mesurant les niveaux de compé tence des mé tiers et de la qualité immigré e de compé tence. < / div > < div class=Ä bstract» < a name=Ä bs2» < / a > The quantitative significance of the underutilization of immigrant skills may be assessed, albeit imprecisely, in human- capital earnings analysis. Earnings deficits of immigrants may arise from: ( a) lower immigrant skill quality, ( b) underutilization of immigrant skills, and ( c) pay inequities for immigrants doing the same work native- born Canadians. Consistent with numerous studies, data from the 1996 census micro- data show that underutilization of immigrant skills is significant, though less so than unequal pay within occupations. In 1996 dollars, the total annual immigrant earnings deficit from all three sources was12,6 milliards ont été liés
à l'injustice de salaire. La discussion considère des ajustements à ces évaluations, tenant compte des difficultés mesurant
les niveaux de compétence des métiers et de la qualité immigrée de compétence. 相似文献
4.
Summary The two Heisenberg Uncertainties (UR) entail an incompatibility between the two pairs of conjugated variables E, t and p, q. But incompatibility comes in two kinds, exclusive of one another. There is incompatibility defineable as: ( p → − q) & ( q→ − p) or defineable as [( p →− q) & ( q →− p)] ↔ r. The former kind is unconditional, the latter conditional. The former, in accordance, is fact independent, and thus a matter of logic, the latter fact dependent, and thus a matter of fact. The two types are therefore diametrically opposed.In spite of this, however, the existing derivations of the Uncertainties are shown here to entail both types of incompatibility simultaneously. Δ E Δ t ≥ h is known to derive from the quantum relation E = hν plus the Fourier relation Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1. And the Fourier relation assigns a logical incompatibility between Δ ν = 0, Δ t = 0. (Defining a repetitive phenomenon at an instant t → 0 is a self contradictory notion.) An incompatibility, therefore, which is fact independent and unconditional. How can one reconcile this with the fact that Δ EΔ t exists if and only if h > 0, which latter supposition is a factual truth, entailing that a Δ E = 0, Δ t = 0 incompatibility should itself be fact dependent? Are we to say that E and t are unconditionally incompatible (via Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1) on condition that E = hν is at all true? Hence, as presently standing, the UR express a self-contradicting type of incompatibility.To circumvent this undesirable result, I reinterpret E = hν as relating the energy with a period. Though only one such period. And not with frequency literally. (It is false that E = ν . It is true that E = ν times the quantum.) In this way, the literal concept of frequency does not enter as before, rendering Δ ν Δ t ≥ 1 inapplicable. So the above noted contradiction disappears. Nevertheless, the Uncertainties are derived. If energy is only to be defined over a period, momentum only over a distance (formerly a wave length) resulting during such period, thus yielding quantized action of dimensions Et = pq, then energies will become indefinite at instants, momenta indefinite at points, leading, as demanded, to (symmetric!) Δ E Δ t = Δ p Δ q ≥ h’s. 相似文献
5.
Books reviewed: Christopher Bobonich, Plato's Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics John Capreolus, On The Virtues Miguel A. Badia Cabrera, Hume's Reflection on Religion Catherine Chalier, What Ought I to Do?: Morality in Kant and Levinas Keith Ansell‐Pearson and John Mullarkey, Henri Bergson: Key Writings Andrew Brook and Don Ross, Daniel Dennett Nancey Murphy, Brad J. Kallenberg, and Mark Thiessen Nation, Virtues and Practices in the Christian Tradition: Christian Ethics after MacIntyre William Lane Craig, God, Time, and Eternity Paul Copan and Paul K. Moser, The Rationality of Theism W. Norris Clarke, The One and the Many: A Contemporary Thomistic Metaphysics Richard A. Cohen, Ethics, Exegesis and Philosophy: Interpretation after Levinas Simon Critchley and Robert Bernasconi, The Cambridge Companion to Levinas D. D. Raphael, Concepts of Justice Martha C. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions David Herbert, Religion and Social Transformations Robert H. Nelson, Economics as Religion; from Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond Edmondo F. Lupieri, The Mandaeans: The Last Gnostics Antonía Tripolitis, Religions of the Hellenistic‐Roman Age James M. Scott, Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity: The Book of Jubilees David Naugle, Worldview: The History of a Concept Dianne Kirby, Religion and the Cold War Colin E. Gunton, The Christian Faith: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine Paul Williams, The Unexpected Way: On Converting from Buddhism to Catholicism Alan P. F. Sell, Confessing and Commending the Faith Thomas M. Kelly, Theology at the Void John David Dawson, Christian Figural Reading and the Fashioning of Identity Daniel Kendall and Stephen T. Davis, The Convergence of Theology: A Festschrift Honoring Gerald O'Collins, S.J. Bernard Hoose, Authority in the Roman Catholic Church Timothy Matovina and Gary Riebe‐Estrella, Horizons of the Sacred: Mexican Traditions in US Catholicism Kenneth J. Howell, God's Two Books: Copernican Cosmology and Biblical Interpretation in Early Modern Science Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller Jr. and Jeffrey Paul, Should Differences in Income and Wealth Matter? Ron Geaves, Continuum Glossary of Religious Terms 相似文献
6.
Book reviewed: Idolatry and Representation: The Philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig Reconsidered by Leora Batnitzky (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) x + 281 pp. Reviewed by Charles T. Mathewes Department of Religious StudiesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA 22904‐4126SA Violence, Hospitality, and the Cross: Reappropriating the Atonement Tradition by Hans Boersma (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2004) + 288 pp. Reviewed by Gladstone H. Stevens, S.S. St. Mary's Seminary and University5400 Roland Ave.Baltimore, MD 21210USA The Creativity of God: World, Eucharist, Reason by Oliver Davies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) xi + 210 pp. Reviewed by Matthew Levering Ave Maria University1025 Commons CircleNaples, Florida 34119USA Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2003) xxii + 745 pp. Reviewed by Stephen Fowl Department of TheologyLoyola College in Maryland4501 N. Charles StreetBaltimore, MD 21210USA Culture and the Thomist Tradition after Vatican II by Tracey Rowland (London and New York: Routledge, 2003) xiv + 226 pp. Reviewed by Joseph Wawrykow Department of TheologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, Indiana46556USA Spinoza's Revelation: Religion, Democracy, and Reason by Nancy K. Levene (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) xxii + 256pp. Reviewed by Martin Kavka Department of ReligionFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FL 32306‐1520USA Religion and the Domestication of Dissent: Or How to Live in a Less than Perfect Nation by Russell T. McCutcheon (London: Equinox, 2005) xi + 123 pp. Reviewed by Stefan Skrimshire 75 Rockdove AvenueHulmeManchesterM15 5EHUK Furthering Humanity: A Theology of Culture by Timothy Gorringe (Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2004) vi + 283 pp. Reviewed by J. Matthew Ashley Department of TheologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, IN 46556USA Flannery O’Connor and the Christ‐Haunted South by Ralph C. Wood (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2004) xii + 272 pp. Reviewed by Frederick C. Bauerschmidt Department of TheologyLoyola College4501 N. Charles StreetBaltimore, MD 21210USA 相似文献
7.
Books reviewed in this article: Christopher Partridge (ed.), Dictionary of Contemporary Religion in the Western World Nancy K. Frankenberry (ed.), Radical Interpretation in Religion Margaret Stutley (ed.), Shamanism: An Introduction Samuel Terrien, The Psalms: Strophic Structure and Theological Commentary Steve Delamarter, with a contribution by J.H. Charlesworth, A Scripture Index to Charlesworth's The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha James H, The Pesharim and the Qumran Community: Chaos or Consensus? Timothy H. Lim, Pesharim James M. Scott, Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity: The Book of Jubilees Thomas R. Hatina, In Search of a Context: The Function of Scripture in Mark's Narrative Anthony Phillips, Essays on Biblical Law Larry J. Kreitzer, Gospel Images in Fiction and Film David S. Cunningham, Reading is Believing: The Christian Faith through Literature and Film John Wijngaards, No Women in Holy Orders? The Women Deacons of the Early Church Owen Chadwick, The Early Reformation on the Continent Andrew Bradstock and Christopher Rowland (eds), Radical Christian Writings: A Reader Sarah K. Pinnock, Beyond Theodicy: Jewish and Christian Continental Thinkers Respond to the Holocaust Coleen McDannell, Religions of the United States in Practice Douglas Pratt, Relational Deity: Hartshorne and Macquarrie on God John Habgood, Darton, The Concept of Nature Anthony C. Thiselton, A Concise Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Religion Joseph Runzo, Global Philosophy of Religion: A Short Introduction Max Charlesworth, Philosophy and Religion: From Plato to Postmodernism John Cottingham, On the Meaning of Life Charles R. Pinches, Theology and Action: After Theory in Christian Ethics Philip Goodchild, Capitalism and Religion: The Price of Piety Pat Collins CM, The Broken Image: Reflections on Spirituality and Culture Gordon Lynch, After Religion: ‘Generation X’ and the Search for Meaning Alison Webster, Wellbeing Clifford Longley, Chosen People: The Big Idea that Shapes England and America 相似文献
8.
I examine the claim, made by some authors, that we sometimes acquire knowledge from falsehood. I focus on two representative cases in which a subject S infers a proposition q from a false proposition p. If S knows that q, I argue, S's false belief that p is not essential to S's cognition. S's knowledge is instead due to S's belief that p′, a proposition in the neighbourhood of p that S (dispositionally) believes (and knows). S thus knows despite her false belief. The widely accepted and plausible principle that inferential knowledge requires known premises is unscathed. 相似文献
9.
Authority in Morals: An Essay in Christian Ethics. By Gerard J. Hughes On Human Nature. By Edward O. Wilson Democracy and Ethical Life. By Claes G. Ryn The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. By Quentin Skinner. 2 vols. Phenomenology and the Social World: the Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty and its Relation to the Social Conscience. By Laurie Spurting Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies. By Ted Benton Christianity and the World Order. By Edward Norman. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1979, £3.50. The Stoics. Edited by John M. Rist Descartes. By Margaret D. Wilson Physicalism. By K.V. Wilkes Kierkegaard as Educator. By R.J. Manheimer Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age. By Søren Kierkegaard, translated and edited by Howard and Edna Hong Parables of Kierkegaard. Edited by Thomas C. Oden Thomas Carlyle: ‘Cahinist without the Theology’. By Eloise M. Behnken The Praise of 'Sons of Bitches’. By James V. Schall The Inner Eye of Love. By William Johnston The River Within. By Christopher Bryant The Religious Imagination and the Sense of God. By John Bowker Old Testament Theology: A Fresh Approach. By Ronald E. Clements What is a Gospel? By Charles H. Talbert Urchristliche Prophetic. By Gerhard Dautzenberg Amphttochii Icontensis Opera. Edited by Cornells Datema Man and Nature in the Renaissance. By Allen G. Debus The Church in Late Victorian Scotland 1874–1900. By Andrew L. Drummond and James Bullock. Ppix, 342, Edinburgh, The St Andrew Press, 1978, £10.50. From Office to Profession: The New England Ministry 1750–1860. By Donald M. Scott Bemard-Lazare: Anti-Semitism and the Problem of Jewish Identity in Late Nineteenth Century France. By Nelly Wilson 相似文献
10.
Books reviewed: Kenneth J. Howell, God's Two Books: Copernican Cosmology and Biblical Interpretation in Early Modern Science Richard A. Horsley and Neil Asher Silberman, The Message and the Kingdom: How Jesus and Paul Ignited a Revolution and Transformed the Ancient World J. Painter, 1, 2, and 3 John (Sacra Pagina 18) Sarah Coakley, Re‐thinking Gregory of Nyssa (Directions in Modern Theology) Andrew Jotischky, The Carmelites and Antiquity: Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages Terryl N. Kinder, Cistercian Europe: Architecture of Contemplation M. G. Snape, English Episcopal Acta, 24: Durham 1153–1195 Gillian R. Knight, The Correspondence between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux: a Semantic and Structural Analysis Richard Rex, The Lollards Kathleen Kamerick, Popular Piety and Art in the Late Middle Ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England, 1350–1500 Norman Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe, 1400–1536 Anthony Levi, Renaissance and Reformation: The Intellectual Genesis Anne T. Thayer, Penitence, Preaching and the Coming of the Reformation Marjo Kaartinen, Religious Life and English Culture in the Reformation Anne Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community Charles Libois SJ, Monumenta Proximi‐Orientis. V. Égypte (1591–1699) Charles Libois SJ, Monumenta Proximi‐Orientis. VI. Égypte (1700–1773) Michael Davies, Graceful Reading: Theology and Narrative in the Works of John Bunyan David Womersley, Gibbon and the ‘Watchmen of the Holy City’. The Historian and his Reputation, 1776–1815 Anthony C. Thiselton, A Concise Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Religion David Naugle, Worldview: The History of a Concept Robert Kane, Free Will (Blackwell Readings in Philosophy) Tamar Szabo Gendler and James Hawthorne, Conceivability and Possibility Simon Critchley, On Humour (Thinking in Action) Gerard J. Pendrick, Antiphon the Sophist: The Fragments A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life Victor Nuovo, John Locke: Writings on Religion Terry Pinkard, German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism Brian Shanley, The Thomist Tradition Gianni Vattimo, Nietzsche: An Introduction Amy Laura Hall, Kierkegaard and the Treachery of Love Peter V. Zima, Deconstruction and Critical Theory L. Gormally, Culture of Life – Culture of Death Mark E. Graham, Joseph Fuchs on Natural Law (Moral Traditions) Norman M. Ford, The Prenatal Person. Ethics from Conception to Birth Onora O'Neill, Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D.Miller Jr. and Jeffrey Paul, Should Differences in Income and Wealth Matter? 相似文献
11.
Books reviewed in this article: John Barton (ed.), The Biblical World Walter Brueggemann, Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy Bernhard W. Anderson, Contours of Old Testament Theology James Barr, The Concept of Biblical Theology: An Old Testament Perspective Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson (eds.), Reclaiming the Bible for the Church Nancy L. deClaissè‐Walford, Reading from th eBeginning: The Shaping of the Hebrew Psalter Birger Gerhardsson, The Reliability of the Gospel Tradition Ben Witherington III, New Testament History: A Narrative Account Neil Richardson, God in the New Testament John S. Kloppenborg Verbin, Excavating Q: The History and Setting of the Sayings Gospel Francis J. Moloney, The Gospel of John Martin Hengel and Anna Maria Schwemer, Paul Between Damascus and Antioch. The Unknown Years F. Gerald Downing, Cynics, Paul and the Pauline Churches: Cynics and Christian Origins II Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians Kieran J. O'Mahony, Pauline Persuasion: A Sounding in 2 Corinthians 8‐9 C. K. Barrett, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles, Volume I: Acts XV–XXVII April D. DeConick, Voices of the Mystics: Early Christian Discourse in the Gospels of John and Thomas and Other Ancient Christian Literature Manlio Simonetti (ed.), Ippolito. Contro Noeto Catherine Brown Tkacz, The Key to the Brescia Casket: Typology and the Early Christian Imagination Serge Lancel, St Augustine Patricia Cox Miller, The Poetry of Thought in Late Antiquity: Essays in Imagination and Religion Thomas Head (ed.), Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology Allan Greer (ed.), The Jesuit Relations: Natives and Missionaries in Seventeenth‐Century North America Stephen R. Holmes, God of Glory and God of Grace: An Account of the Theology of Jonathan Edwards Stephen Prickett, Narrative, Religion and Science. Fundamentalism versus Irony, 1700–1999 Linda Woodhead (ed.), Reinventing Christianity: Nineteenth‐Century Contexts Florent Gaboriau, The Conversion of Edith Stein Jeffrey S. Siker, Scripture and Ethics. Twentieth‐Century Portraits Richerd B. Hays, The Moral Vision of the New Testament. Community, Cross, New Creation John Kavanaugh, Who Counts as Persons: Human Identity and the Ethics of Killing John Keown, Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalisation Stephen J. Pope and Charles Hefling (eds.), Sic et Non: Encountering ‘Dominus Iesus’ J'annine Jobling and Ian Markham (eds.), Theological Liberalism, Creative and Critical Hans Küng, Women in Christianity Lynne Broadbent and Alan Brown (eds.), Issues in Religious Education Jeremy Waldron, God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought Giles Fraser, Redeeming Nietzsche Alexander Garcia Düttman, The Memory of Thought: An Essay on Heidegger and Adorno Robert J. Dostal (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer Michael Fuller, Making Sense of MacIntyre 相似文献
12.
Books reviewed: M. C. Goldstein & M. T. Kapstein (eds), Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Identity Wendy Sinclair-Brull, Female Ascetics: Hierarchy and Purity in an Indian Religious Movement Menachem Kellner, Must a Jew Believe Anything? Vera Schwarcz, Bridge Across Broken Time: Chinese and Jewish Cultural Memory Stephen E. Fowl, Engaging Scripture: A Model for Theological Interpretation Lester L. Grabbe, Ezra-Nehemiah Rolf Rendtorff, The Covenant Formulary: An Exegetical and Theological Investigation A. Graeme Auld, Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives V. H. Matthews, B. M. Levinson and T. Frymer-Kensky (eds), Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East Steve Mason (ed.), Understanding Josephus: Seven Perspectives K. C. Hanson and Douglas E. Oakman, Palestine in the Time of Jesus: Social Structures and Social Conflicts Ben Witherington III, The Many Faces of the Christ: The Christologies of the New Testament and Beyond Anne Thurston, Knowing Her Place: Gender And The Gospels Nicholas King, Whispers of Liberation: Feminist Perspectives on the New Testament Elaine M. Wainwright, Shall We Look For Another? A Feminist Rereading of the Matthean Jesus Joseph W. Trigg, Origen Anthony Meredith S.J., Gregory of Nyssa Giuliana Cavallini, Catherine of Siena S. H. Webb, On God and Dogs: A Christian Theology of Compassion for Animals Bishop Joe Aldred (ed.), Preaching with Power: Sermons by Black Preachers Gary Dorrien, The Remaking of Evangelical Theology R. H. Stone and M. L. Weaver (eds), Against the Third Reich: Paul Tillich's Wartime Radio Broadcasts into Nazi Germany George R. Hunsberger, Bearing the Witness of the Spirit: Lesslie Newbigin's Theology of Cultural Plurality Hermann Häring, Hans Küng: Breaking Through Timothy O'Connell, Making Disciples: A Handbook of Christian Moral Formation John J. McNeill, Both Feet Firmly Planted in Midair James L. Empereur, Spiritual Direction and the Gay Person Stanley Hauerwas, Sanctify Them in the Truth: Holiness Exemplified George Pattison, The End of Theology – and the Task of Thinking about God J. Rieger (ed.), Liberating the Future: God, Mammon and Theology Don Cupitt, The Revelation of Being 相似文献
13.
This paper introduces the logic QLETF, a quantified extension of the logic of evidence and truth LETF, together with a corresponding sound and complete first-order non-deterministic valuation semantics. LETF is a paraconsistent and paracomplete sentential logic that extends the logic of first-degree entailment (FDE) with a classicality operator ∘ and a non-classicality operator ∙, dual to each other: while ∘A entails that A behaves classically, ∙A follows from A’s violating some classically valid inferences. The semantics of QLETF combines structures that interpret negated predicates in terms of anti-extensions with first-order non-deterministic valuations, and completeness is obtained through a generalization of Henkin’s method. By providing sound and complete semantics for first-order extensions of FDE, K3, and LP, we show how these tools, which we call here the method of anti-extensions + valuations, can be naturally applied to a number of non-classical logics. 相似文献
14.
People often test hypotheses about two variables ( X and Y), each with two levels (e.g., X1 and X2). When testing “If X1, then Y1,” observing the conjunction of X1 and Y1 is overwhelmingly perceived as more supportive than observing the conjunction of X2 and Y2, although both observations support the hypothesis. Normatively, the X2& Y2 observation provides stronger support than the X1& Y1 observation if the former is rarer. Because participants in laboratory settings typically test hypotheses they are unfamiliar with, previous research has not examined whether participants are sensitive to the rarity of observations. The experiment reported here showed that participants were sensitive to rarity, even judging a rare X2& Y2 observation more supportive than a common X1& Y1 observation under certain conditions. Furthermore, participants’ default strategy of judging X1& Y1 observations more informative might be generally adaptive because hypotheses usually regard rare events. 相似文献
15.
Books reviewed: L. E. Keck et al. (eds), Numbers, Deuteronomy, Introduction to Narrative Literature, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1&2 Samuel S. E. Gillingham, One Bible, Many Voices: Different Approaches to Biblical Studies Michael D. Goulder, The Psalms of the Return (Book 5, Psalms 107–150): Studies in the Psalter IV James D. G. Dunn, T. & T. Clark, The Theology of Paul the Apostle D. Mendels, Identity, Religion and Historiography: Studies in Hellenistic History William Horbury, Jewish Messianism and the Cult of Christ James S. McLaren, Turbulent Times? Josephus and Scholarship on Judaea in the First Century CE J. Neusner and B. Chilton, Jewish-Christian Debates: God, Kingdom, Messiah Ben Pink Dandelion, Douglas Gwyn and Timothy Peat, Heaven on Earth: Quakers and the Second Coming Adnan Aslam, Religious Pluralism in Christian and Islamic Philosophy: The Thought of John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr W. Cantwell Smith, Believing: An Historical Perspective W. Cantwell Smith, Faith and Belief: The Difference Between Them Norman Doe, Canon Law in the Anglican Communion: A Worldwide Perspective G. R. Evans, Discipline and Justice in the Church of England Alan Falconer (ed.), Faith and Order in Moshi: The 1996 Commission Meeting Lewis S. Mudge, The Church as Moral Community: Ecclesiology and Ethics in Ecumenical Debate T. F. Best and D. Hellar (eds), Eucharistic Worship in Ecumenical Contexts: The Lima Liturgy – And Beyond Timothy Bradshaw ed, Grace and Truth in the Secular Age José Comblin, Called for Freedom: The Changing Context of Liberation Theology Karen Kilby, Karl Rahner Rosemary Radford Ruether, Women and Redemption: A Theological History Ian Markham, Truth and the Reality of God: An Essay in Natural Theology Johannes A. van der Ven, Formation of the Moral Self Robin Gill (ed.), Euthanasia and the Churches Richard Swinburne, Providence and the Problem of Evil John Polkinghorne, Science and Theology: An Introduction John P. Burgess (ed.), In Whose Image? Faith, Science and the New Genetics Stephen Platten (ed.), Seeing Ourselves: Interpreting Contemporary Society Jacques Derrida and Gianni Vattimo (eds), Religion Ursula King (ed.), Faith and Praxis in a Postmodern Age 相似文献
16.
Pretheoretically, ( B) ‘all believers are immortal’ is about all believers, but (1) B is not about any unbeliever. Similarly, ( M) ‘all mortals are unbelievers’ is not about any immortal, but (2) M is about all mortals. But B and M are logically equivalent universal generalizations, so arguably they are about exactly the same objects; by (2), they are about those mortals who are unbelievers, contradicting (1). If one responds by giving up (1), is there still a sense in which B treats unbelievers differently from believers? I argue that there is. B is uninformative about unbelievers but informative about believers, in the following sense: for any object o, the information that B provides only about o—namely, ‘ o is a believer only if o is immortal’—is entailed (and thus rendered redundant) by ‘ o is an unbeliever’ but not by ‘ o is a believer’. 相似文献
17.
I present a puzzle about belief and credence, which takes the form of three independently supported views that are mutually inconsistent. The first is the view that S has a modal belief that p (e.g., S believes that probably- p) if and only if S has a corresponding credence that p. The second is the view that S believes that p only if S has some credence that p. The third is the view that, possibly, S believes that p without a modal belief that p. [Word Count: 85] 相似文献
18.
Given three variables, x, y, z, univariate selection on x, usually reduces the correlation r
y z
. However, in some cases, when r
x y
or r
x z
assumes extreme values, r
y z
may increase. This reversal is explained by comparison to the effects of suppressor variables and predictors of predictability. 相似文献
19.
One of the fundamental properties in classical equational reasoning is Leibniz's principle of substitution. Unfortunately, this property does not hold in standard epistemic logic. Furthermore, Herbrand's lifting theorem which is essential to the completeness of resolution and Paramodulation in the classical first order logic (FOL), turns out to be invalid in standard epistemic logic. In particular, unlike classical logic, there is no skolemization normal form for standard epistemic logic. To solve these problems, we introduce an intensional epistemic logic, based on a variation of Kripke's possible-worlds semantics that need not have a constant domain. We show how a weaker notion of substitution through indexed terms can retain the Herbrand theorem. We prove how the logic can yield a satisfibility preserving skolemization form. In particular, we present an intensional principle for unifing indexed terms. Finally, we describe a sound and complete inference system for a Horn subset of the logic with equality, based on epistemic SLD-resolution. 相似文献
20.
This paper is a study of certain aspects of restricted ranking, a method intended for use by a panel of m judges evaluating the relative merits of N subjects, candidates for scholarships, awards, etc. Each judge divides the N subjects into R classes so that n
i individuals receive a grade i ( i = 1, 2, ..., R; Σ n
i
= N) where the R numbers n
i
are close to N/R ( n
i
= N/R when N is divisible by R) and are preassigned and the same for all judges. This method is superior in several respects to other likely alternatives.
Under the null hypothesis that all nR = N subjects are of equal merit, four tests of significance are developed. The effectiveness of the method is investigated both
theoretically by means of the asymptotic relative efficiency and more generally by simulation studies. When the numbers n
i
are not restricted to values close to or equal to N/R but instead are given values conforming to a normally distributed pattern, the resulting method is known as the Q-sort, so designated by certain investigators in psychotherapy. The simulation studies reveal that restricted ranking is only
slightly inferior to complete ranking and generally superior in the cases considered to the Q-sort, although there are likely to be other situations when the latter is superior.
The authors are indebted to Dr. Clyde Kramer of Virginia Polytechnic Institute for bringing the Q-sort ranking technique of psychotherapy to their attention. 相似文献
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