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1.
Subjects’ identification of stop-vowel “targets” was obtained under monotic and dichotic, forward and backward, masking conditions. Masks, or “challenges,” were another stop-vowel or one of three nonspeech sounds similar to parts of a stop-vowel. Backward masking was greater than forward in dichotic conditions. Forward masking predominated monotically. Relative degree of masking for different challenges suggested that dichotic effects were predicated on interference with processing of a complex temporal array of auditory “features” of the targets, prior to phonetic decoding but subsequent to basic auditory analysis. Monotic effects seemed best interpreted as dependent on relative spectrum levels of nearly simultaneous portions of the two signals. 相似文献
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Barry Leshowitz Harvey B. Tavb David H. Raab Brooklyn College 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1968,4(4):207-213
The detectability of intensity increments in the presence of continuous and pulsed backgrounds was investigated using a two-alternative, temporal, forced-choice procedure. Differences were found in intensity-duration reciprocity relations, the form of the Weber function, and the shape of the psychometric function between continuous- and pulsed-detection conditions. In a second study, signals were added either to a steady background (simple detection) or to background plus pedestal (pedestal detection). Two unusual phenomena were noted, namely, “negative masking” and the “pedestal effect.” The interpretation of the results in terms of a simple, Poisson-detection model is discussed. 相似文献
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Capacity limits are a hallmark of visual cognition. The upper boundary of our ability to individuate and remember objects is well known but—despite its central role in visual information processing—not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of temporal limits in the perceptual processes of forming “object files.” Specifically, we examined the two fundamental mechanisms of object file formation—individuation and identification—by selectively interfering with visual processing by using forward and backward masking with variable stimulus onset asynchronies. While target detection was almost unaffected by these two types of masking, they showed distinct effects on the two different stages of object formation. Forward “integration” masking selectively impaired object individuation, whereas backward “interruption” masking only affected identification and the consolidation of information into visual working memory. We therefore conclude that the inherent temporal dynamics of visual information processing are an essential component in creating the capacity limits in object individuation and visual working memory. 相似文献
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Constantine Trahiotis Terrence R. Dolan Theodore H. Miller 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1972,12(4):335-338
The effects of backward masker “fringe” on performance in homophasic and antiphasic masking conditions were investigated. The results of the study indicate that (1) the presence of a backward masker fringe has only a small effect on performance in homophasic masking conditions; (2) under antiphasic masking conditions, the presence of a backward masker fringe improves performance; (3) similar to the results of studies investigating the effects of forward masker fringe, the magnitude of the improvement in performance increases as the duration of the fringe increases; and (4) the magnitude of the improvement caused by the presence of backward masker fringe is considerably smaller than the magnitude of the improvement caused by the forward masker fringe. It appears, then, that the presence of backward masker fringe may provide a baseline or reference phase similar to that which the forward fringe is presumed to provide. The presence of this reference phase after the offset of the signal apparently makes the phase shift associated with the signal-plus-noise waveform more discernible, thus leading to higher detectability. However, for reasons not yet clear, the presence of a baseline or reference phase after the offset of the signal (backward fringe conditions) does not make the signal-plus-noise phase shift as discernible as do either the presence of that same reference phase before the onset of the signal (forward fringe condition) or the presence of that same reference phase both before signal onset and after signal offset (continuous masker condition). 相似文献
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An auditory backward recognition masking task (Massaro, 1970) was administered to undergraduates selected for extreme scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test. In two experiments, significant group differences were found in threshold interstimulus intervals (ISIs) required for 75% correct tone recognition. High-aptitude subjects required less time for correct identification of target tones as “high” or “low”. They were more able to overcome the constraints imposed on time-dependent information processing by a masking tone. These group differences were interpreted as indicating better information processing efficiency (h (higher signal-to-noise ratio) in the high-aptitude subjects. 相似文献
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W. A. Phillips 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1974,16(2):283-290
A pattern made by randomly filling cells in a square matrix was presented for 1 see and followed, after various intervals, by an identical or similar pattern. Ss responded “same” or “different.” Performance was fast and accurate if the interval was short and there was no movement or masking of the pattern during the interval. Performance was slower, less accurate, and highly dependent on pattern complexity if the interval exceeded 100 msec or if there was movement or masking. The results are interpreted as evidence for two distinct classes of visual memory: high-capacity sensory storage which is tied to spatial position and is maskable and brief; and schematic short-term visual memory which is not tied to spatial position, which is protected against masking, and which becomes less effective over the first few seconds but not over the first 600 msec. 相似文献
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Using comparable stimulus and response sets, and the same Ss, the “repetition” and “same-different” effects were studied in two experiments involving several reaction-time (RT) tasks. In Experiment 1, these effects were examined at a 2-sec interval between successive stimuli in the simple (SRT), the recognition (RRT), the choice (CRT), the same-different recognition(S-DRRT),and the same-different choice (S-DCRT) tasks. In Experiment 2, the effects were studied at a 1 O-sec interval in the CRT and S-DCRT tasks. The results suggest the following mainconclusions: (1)The positive repetition effect (i.e., shorter reaction times on “repeated” trials than on “nonrepeated” trials) is not only a feature of the CRT task but may also occur in the SRT and RRT tasks. (2) With increasing intertrial interval, the magnitude of the positive repetition effect diminishes and then reverses into a negative repetition effect. (3) The positive same-different effect (ie., shorter reaction times on “same” trials than on “different” trials) is affected by an increase in interstimulus interval ina manner that parallels the effect of intertrial interval on the positive repetition effect, suggesting that the processes underlying the two effects are mainly the same. (4) These changes in the magnitude and direction of the repetition and same-different effects are probably a function of discrimination difficulty. 相似文献
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A theory for illusory contours, which fill gaps in certain figures, is proposed and subjected to an experimental test. We suggest that nearer masking objects are perceptually postulated to “account” for gaps when these are unlikely. The experiment shows that when stereoscopic depth information incompatible with this “perceptual hypothesis” is presented, the illusory contours are reduced in intensity or disappear. 相似文献
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Four experiments used a common set of procedures to investigate the occurrence and the generalization of learned helplessness (LH) and latent inhibition (LI) in 10- to 11-year-old children. In Experiment 1, preexposure to response-outcome independence impaired performance (i.e., LH) on two subsequent tests: The first was similar to the preexposure situation, the second was not. Moreover, LH occurred whether preexposure involved positive or negative feedback. On the other hand, noncontingent stimulus preexposure did not impair subsequent performance, i.e., LI was not obtained in the first experiment. Experiment 2 replicated the LH findings of Experiment 1: LH occurred following preexposure to response-independent feedback, regardless of whether that feedback was positive or negative, and LH generalized to a situation that was different from the preexposure situation. In addition, the stimulus preexposure procedures of Experiment 2 were embedded in a “masking” task and, under these conditions, LI was obtained. Nevertheless, LI did not generalize to a testing situation that was different from the preexposure situation. Experiment 3 demonstrated that noncontingent stimulus preexposure impairs performance relative to a nonpreexposed control group, that the effect is dependent upon masking, that masking alone produces no performance decrement, and that LI is, indeed, stimulus specific. In Experiment 4, preexposure to response-outcome independence impaired subsequent performance on similar and dissimilar tests whether feedback was consistently positive, consistently negative, or randomly positive and negative over trials. In addition, stimulus preexposure produced LI only under conditions of masking and even then, LI was not evident in novel test situations. The results are discussed in terms of common and different mechanisms underlying the LI and LH phenomena. 相似文献
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Instead of using percent correct identifications or detections as the dependent variable, latency in voicing the target stimulus was measured in a backward masking paradigm. Reaction time (RT) to target letters was reliably increased when they were simultaneously encircled by a black ring mask of a size found to produce masking using an identification or detection criterion. The masking function in terms of RT was typical in shape, a decreasing function of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) over an interval of 150 msec. Since the target remained “on” when the mask appeared, the results are incompatible with an erasure interpretation of masking effects. Analyses of the variances of the RTs supported an interpretation of a progressive decrease in masking effects as SOA increased. 相似文献
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双加工理论认为再认提取存在回想和熟悉性两种认知加工过程。本研究采用修正的“记得/知道”范式,考察不同强度的负性情绪对这两种再认提取过程的影响。结果发现:(1)在记得反应上不同负性情绪强度的材料呈现出以下模式:高度负性 > 中度负性 > 轻度负性 > 中性;(2)在知道反应上,不同负性情绪强度的材料呈现出以下模式:中性 > 轻度负性 > 中度负性 > 高度负性。这些结果表明,不同强度的负性材料对情绪记忆的影响表现为两条途径:依赖于回想的再认随着负性情绪强度的增加而逐步提高,另外一个依赖于熟悉性的再认随着负性情绪强度的增加而逐步降低。 相似文献
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Ten subjects were asked to report both of two different consonant-vowels (CVs) presented to the same foveal area, but in different eyes (“dichoptically”). Stimuli were presented at stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) ranging from 0 to 150 msec in 25-msec steps. Correct identifications were significantly depressed for the eye receiving the leading stimulus at SOAs of 25 to 75 msec. Monoptic data from three subjects indicated no significant reductions in correct identification as a function of SOA. The dichoptic results can be understood in terms of current theories of visual backward masking and are similar to the “lag effect” observed with dichotic listening to speech stimuli. Similarity of results for the two modalities suggests a similar “two-process” explanation may underlie both phenomena. 相似文献
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Giovanni Bruno Vicario 《Axiomathes》2003,13(3-4):399-432
The concept of simultaneous masking in visual field is discussed, in the light of classical examples, of the various kinds of the phenomenon, of a modal completion, of the figure/ground phenomenon, of ambiguous and reversible figures, of mimicry and camouflage and eventually of the complexity of the stimulus. There is some reference to masking in auditory field. The “reality” of the masked configuration is discussed, drawing the conclusion that it is perceptually unreal. The fact that the masking phenomenon cannot take place without comparison between two perceptual acts – what we see at one moment and what we see a moment after LATER – and the fact that the masked configuration pops out with some surprise, lead to the conclusion that simultaneous masking in visual field is not a bare perceptual phenomenon, but a psychological process not unlike insight 相似文献
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Two experiments were directed at early phonological activation in the semantic categorization task. In Experiment 1, briefly exposed targets homophonic to category exemplars (rows for the categorya flower), and their graphemic controls (robs), were judged for category membership with and without a backward pattern mask False positives were greater for rows than robs to the same degree under both unmasked and masked conditions. In Experiment 2, false positives were examined in the semantic categorization task under backward dichoptic masking by pseudowords that were, in turn, masked monoptically by a pattern mask. Briefly exposed homophones (e.g.,weak), masked by a phonologically similar pseudoword (“feek”), a graphemic control (“felk”), or an unrelated pseudoword (“furt”), were categorized as category exemplars (a unit of time). The difference in false positives was significant forweak-feek versusweak-furt, but not forweak-felk versusweak-furt. It was suggested that the persistence of the homophonic effects under the pattern masking of Experiment 1 and their amplification under the phonological masking of Experiment 2 were because phonological codes cohere rapidly and provide, thereby, immediately available constraints on semantic processing. 相似文献
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Michael R. Andreychik Michael J. Gill 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(5):1082-1093
The present work challenges the idea that implicit evaluative associations with outgroups necessarily provide information about negative or prejudiced attitudes. We argue that the manner in which one explains outgroup status and action shapes whether one's implicit “negative” associations are prejudice-based or empathy-based. Four studies are consistent with this possibility. Study 1 suggests that whereas implicit “negative” associations are predictive of negative explicit attitudes among those who reject external explanations for African American status and action, such implicit “negativity” predicts positive explicit attitudes among those who endorse external explanations. Study 2 provides experimental evidence that the provision of external explanations results in the formation of implicit “negative” associations that are predictive of compassionate responding. Study 3 provides more direct support for the idea that implicit “negative” associations are empathy-based among external explainers by showing that such “negative” associations are positively correlated with a measure of dispositional empathy-proneness. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates that IAT “negativity” is associated with automatic activation of empathy-related associations among those who strongly endorse external explanations. Discussion centers on the importance of considering factors—such as social explanations—that may moderate whether implicit “negativity” is prejudice-based or empathy-based. 相似文献
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The process-dissociation procedure developed by Jacoby (1991) was used to assess the relative roles of recollection and familiarity in recognition of affectively positive and affectively negative stimuli. The procedure involves two phases of word encoding and a third (recognition) phase, during which some participants are told to ignore information from an earlier phase. Failure to ignore the information is taken as evidence of a low recollective component in the recognition decisions. Results showed that the role of recollection was lower in recognition of positive items than in recognition of negative items, suggesting that positive-negative asymmetries in stimulus impact, such as those discussed by Taylor (1991), can be extended to the components of recognition memory. A valence-based difference in the magnitude of the recollective component also suggests a solution to the “puzzle” about affect and recognition memory described by Ortony, Turner, and Antos (1983), who reported an “unpredicted and puzzling asymmetry” such that affectively positive stimuli consistently produced a lower correct rejection rate than negative stimuli did. 相似文献
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青少年对广告的态度及影响因素 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
通过对北京城八区11所中学的730个有效样本的研究分析,作者发现,北京青少年对广告的总体态度比较消极, 40.2%的青少年表示不喜欢广告, 27.9%中立,只有31.9%喜欢广告;此外,61.6%的青少年表示不信赖广告,24%中立,仅14.5%的青少年表示信赖广告。在对广告信念的因子分析中,青少年对广告“决策信息”功能表示基本肯定;对广告的“娱乐”、“购买体验”和“个人伤害”结果表示基本否定。此外,人口统计变量与广告总体态度以及各个因子之间有一定的关系。因此,要改变青少年对广告的消极态度,企业营销者需要从产品质量、广告表现形式、广告诉求内容等多个方面加以改善和提高。 相似文献