A Profile-Based Framework for Factorial Similarity and the Congruence Coefficient

We present a novel profile-based framework for understanding factorial similarity in the context of exploratory factor analysis in general, and for understanding the congruence coefficient (a commonly used index of factor similarity) specifically. First, we introduce the profile-based framework articulating factorial similarity in terms of 3 intuitive components: general saturation similarity, differential saturation similarity, and configural similarity. We then articulate the congruence coefficient in terms of these components, along with 2 additional profile-based components, and we explain how these components resolve ambiguities that can be—and are—found when using the congruence coefficient. Finally, we present secondary analyses revealing that profile-based components of factorial are indeed linked to experts' actual evaluations of factorial similarity. Overall, the profile-based approach we present offers new insights into the ways in which researchers can examine factor similarity and holds the potential to enhance researchers' ability to understand the congruence coefficient.     

Person-Placement Congruence: A Framework for Vocational Counselors

A common guideline for vocational counseling is the rule requiring congruence between a man and his job. The issue of person-placement congruence was studied utilizing 159 patients referred for vocational rehabilitation to the Mental Health and Manpower Project from the Fort Logan Mental Health Center. A 13-item scale devised by project research staff and completed by vocational counselors was shown to predict later job success. By separating the scale into two categories, those items dealing with abilities and those related to needs, it was possible to predict the nature of job termination, i.e., quit or was fired. There was demonstrated considerable validity for the man-job fit approach to counseling, and this research served as an initial step toward detailing this rather simple rule.     

Transcending the Quantitative‐Qualitative Divide With Mixed Methods Research: A Multidimensional Framework for Understanding Congruence and Completeness in the Study of Values

Quantitative research dominates published literature in the helping professions. Mixed methods research, which integrates quantitative and qualitative methodologies, has received a lukewarm reception. The authors address the iterative separation that infuses theory, praxis, philosophy, methodology, training, and public perception and propose a dimensional viewpoint as a framework for successful integration of mixed methods research. This dimensional perspective demonstrates that mixed methods research techniques are necessary but not sufficient to study spiritual, ethical, and religious value issues. Research of career development, “best practices,” nature‐nurture, and prayer illustrate weaknesses and opportunities for evaluating dimensional mixed methods approaches.     

Psychosocial Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability: A Preliminary Study of its Factorial Structure

This study examined the factorial structure of psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability in a sample of 313 individuals who sustained spinal cord injury (SCI). Three models were examined. The first model tested the hypothesis that psychosocial adaptation is composed of a single, global factor, in which positive (adaptive) and negative (nonadaptive) reactions define two opposing poles of the same dimension. The second model tested the validity of two distinguishable factors, representing adaptive and nonadaptive dimensions. The third model examined the relationship between the 2-factor model and a third dimension, that of denial. The data from the instruments measuring psychosocial adaptation to trauma and disability (the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory and the Purdue Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Revised) were submitted to a series of confirmatory factor analyses, and the results from the goodness of fit tests and fit indices provided strong support to the validity of the latter two models. The findings indicated that the structure of adaptation to SCI can be best conceptualized as representing two, moderately linked but clearly distinguishable, factors and that the construct of denial of disability further elucidates our understanding of the structure of adaptation to loss of body integrity.

Supervisor-Subordinate Work Value Congruence and Subordinate Performance: A Pilot Study

The relationship of superior-subordinate work value congruence to subordinate performance was examined in a retail setting. Additionally, because of on-going interest in the role of justice or fairness in the performance appraisal process, the relationship between the supervisor's value of fairness and subordinate performance was examined. Superior-subordinate value congruence was not related to subordinate performance. The supervisor's level of the value of fairness was related to supervisor-rated dimensions of performance, but not to sales and profits. Implications for future research are presented.     

Cross-Cultural Awareness: A Framework for Interaction

In order to facilitate cross-cultural understanding, a framework for interaction is provided by focusing on personal experience and on attrition theory and the W-curve,     

价值观与行为的一致性争议

价值观与行为的一致性存在着争论, 相关的实证研究包括以下几种模式: 价值观直接预测行为; 生活方式、态度等中介变量的桥梁作用; 人格与情境等调节变量的影响作用。目标层次理论认为价值观与行为之间是由逐渐具体化的目标连接起来的; 建构水平理论认为心理距离影响价值观与行为的关系; 自我价值定向理论认为个人自我价值体系对行为具有定向作用; 新社会分析模型则认为价值观是人格的一个领域, 特质与价值观这两个平行的结构共同作用于行为。未来的研究方向可能表现为价值观词典的应用; 价值矛盾与行为决策关系的研究; 中国文化背景下的价值观与行为一致性的探索以及建立专门针对二者关系的理论模型等方面。     

A Factorial Analysis of Responses to the Comic as a Study in Personality

Modeling techniques were used to model moderate disclosure to high and low disclosers. Eighty female undergraduates (40 low disclosers and 40 high disclosers) listened to a model select items that were rated as moderate disclosures for discussion. Two modeling conditions were employed; in one condition the model was reinforced by the E (vicarious reinforcement), in the second condition the model was not reinforced. Two control conditions, one with the model present, the other with the model absent were also included. The results of two separate 2 × 4 × 2 repeated measures, hierarchical analyses of variance on the subject distance from modeled intimacy, and the number of moderate items selected on pre- and posttests, indicated that both modeling conditions were successful in producing moderation of self-disclosure.     

Similarity and categorization: from vision to touch

Even though human perceptual development relies on combining multiple modalities, most categorization studies so far have focused on the visual modality. To better understand the mechanisms underlying multisensory categorization, we analyzed visual and haptic perceptual spaces and compared them with human categorization behavior. As stimuli we used a three-dimensional object space of complex, parametrically-defined objects. First, we gathered similarity ratings for all objects and analyzed the perceptual spaces of both modalities using multidimensional scaling analysis. Next, we performed three different categorization tasks which are representative of every-day learning scenarios: in a fully unconstrained task, objects were freely categorized, in a semi-constrained task, exactly three groups had to be created, whereas in a constrained task, participants received three prototype objects and had to assign all other objects accordingly. We found that the haptic modality was on par with the visual modality both in recovering the topology of the physical space and in solving the categorization tasks. We also found that within-category similarity was consistently higher than across-category similarity for all categorization tasks and thus show how perceptual spaces based on similarity can explain visual and haptic object categorization. Our results suggest that both modalities employ similar processes in forming categories of complex objects.     

The Academic Interests of College Women: A Factorial Study

The extent to which college programs meet the needs and goals of women students has not been established. In this study, a sample of students and alumnae of the College of Home Economics, Iowa State University, responded to a set of attitude scales concerning their reactions to courses in their core curriculum. Factor analysis of the person-course interactions revealed 6 factors which were tentatively defined in terms of the courses loading most heavily on each. Implications for improved educational planning of women are discussed.     

自我验证与人际一致性：团队多样性利用的新视角

全球化背景下组织构成正日趋多样化, 有效利用团队多样性的价值是组织成功的关键。以往的研究基于自我类化理论认为消除多样性负面效应的方法是追求高阶的群体认同。本文采用自我验证的视角, 提出团队成员的个人自我认知和社会自我认知得到他人验证能够促进人际一致性, 增强个体对群体的情感联结, 并可以最大化地发挥多样性的正面效应, 提升决策质量和团队效能。此外, 当团队分裂为小团体、联盟体和共同体等三种不同的亚群体类型时, 自我验证过程将呈现出不同的动态, 团队领导者需要采取针对性的领导方式来帮助成员获得自我验证的信息。     

A Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical Framework for Self-Forgiveness: Implications for Research and Practice

Self-forgiveness literature has grown in depth and breadth since its inception in 1974. In 2005, Hall and Fincham proposed a conceptual process model of self-forgiveness. In approximately 10 years, there have been considerable advancements in conceptual understanding and empirical findings but less refinement of a theoretical framework. This article outlines a Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical (C-T-E) framework to explain the origins, processes, and ethical limitations of self-forgiveness; to refine the definition of self-forgiveness; and to improve upon Hall and Fincham's (2005 Hall, J. H. &; Fincham F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 621–637. doi:10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) model. This C-T-E framework provides a social-cognitive theoretical structure to direct future research and therapeutic practice.     

A Framework for Sustainability

Sustainability is value laden, and achieving sustainability is constrained by conflict and inefficient problem solving. Sustainability requires minimizing the costs of both constraints. This article outlines a framework for sustainability that recognizes divergent values, improves the productivity of debate, and suggests how to reduce sustainability costs.     

Factorial rotation to simple structure and maximum similarity

When the regression of factored variates on variates defining subpopulations (or experimental groups) is (a) nonlinear or (b) heteroscedastic, an existing solution to the problem of factorial invariance does not apply. This paper presents an approach which can be used in place of the existing solution and derives a method for obtaining maximally similar orthogonal simple structure factor pattern matrices across subpopulations. The method is applied to data from three experimental groups.The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Professor Paul Horst for his many helpful suggestions in the development presented here. Credit is also due to William Meredith and Michael Browne for their helpful comments. The study was supported in part by Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-477(33) and USPHS Research Grant MH00743-08 (Principal Investigator: Paul Horst).     

Training to Think Culturally: A Multidimensional Comparative Framework

A multidimensional, comparative training framework is designed to integrate culture with all aspects of family therapy. Culture is viewed as occurring in multiple contexts that create common “cultural borderlands” as well as diversity; unpredictability and possibility, as well as regularity and constraint. The framework proposes a search for basic parameters to help therapists think comparatively and pluralistically about families’ cultural configurations and meanings. Further, the parameters chosen — ecological context, migration/acculturation, organization, and life cycle — are used to heighten therapists’ awareness about the “situated knowledge” of their own professional and personal culture. This approach recognizes the potential complexity of both the family's and the therapist's cultural location or ecological niche, and encourages curiosity in the therapeutic conversation rather than reliance on potentially stereotyping, ethnic-focused information.     

Erratum to: Beyond the Mean: A Flexible Framework for Studying Causal Effects Using Linear Models

Psychometrika - The original version of the article contains the below listed errors.