一线消防员心理应激的实证研究

本文探讨了消防员工作群体的应激过程中的4个方面,包括心理应激源、应激反应、应对方式和社会支持。同时编制了心理应激问卷,考察了该问卷心理应激源、应激反应、应对方式、社会支持4个分量表的信度和效度及各个分量表的因素结构。     

生活应激诱发大学生抑郁症状及轻生意念预警模型

用“大学生人格问卷”(UPI)和“学生生活应激量表”(SLSI)检测大学生3558例,并用回归分析和路经分析探讨其应激过程(应激源—应激反应)诱发抑郁症状及轻生意念的预警模型。结果显示,大学生生活中所承受的挫折、压力、变化和自我强加是预警抑郁症状产生的主要应激源;情绪反应、生理反应、行为反应和认知反应是预警抑郁症状产生的主要应激反应;大学生抑郁症状诱发轻生意念的预测正确率为97.0%,发生比(OR)或危险率1.86倍于非抑郁症状者,其中女生抑郁症状诱发轻生意念的危险率近2倍于无此症状者;应激源直接引起应激反应,应激反应直接诱发抑郁症状,抑郁症状直接引发轻生意念,应激源和应激反应不直接影响轻生意念,而通过诱发抑郁症状间接影响轻生意念。此预警模型为大学生危机心理鉴别干预提供了临床心理学依据和参数。     

急性心理性应激诱发的神经内分泌反应及其影响因素

急性心理性应激源分别通过下丘脑-脑垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis,HPAA)和交感神经-肾上腺髓质轴(sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis)诱发神经内分泌反应。唾液皮质醇被认为是检测急性心理性应激所诱发的HPA轴反应的稳定指标。以特里尔社会应激测试(Trier Social Stress Test,TSST)及其变式作为应激源, 以HPA轴的反应作为应激指标, 影响个体在急性心理性应激情境中发生特异性神经内分泌反应的因素主要包括人口统计学、环境和应激频率三大方面, 未来应加强急性心理性应激所诱发的神经内分泌反应的纵向研究。     

青少年地震应激反应模型

以亲历“5．12”地震的四川青川、绵竹327名青少年为被试,考察了青少年在地震情境下的应激反应,探讨了应激源与认知评价、应对方式、应激反应的关系,检验了认知评价、应对方式在应激源与应激反应间的中介作用。结果表明：青少年在地震后出现一些显著的生理反应（胸闷、食欲不佳、头晕）、心理反应（悲伤、易惹、恐惧、注意力减退）以及社会功能的退缩,且存在显著的性别差异;变量各维度间的相关分析表明,除混合型应对方式与应激源的物质丧失之间相关不显著外,其它变量各维度间均存在不同程度的相关;中介效应分析表明,认知评价、应对方式在应激源与应激反应间存在中介作用,且认知评价的中介效应大于应对方式的中介效应,而认知评价又可以通过应对方式影响应激反应。     

应激的认知激活理论述评

应激的认知激活理论是Ursin和Eriksen等多位研究者在其多年来对动物与人类应激的相关实验研究和理论探讨的基础上提出来的理论模型。该理论的核心思想观点是从积极心理的角度把应激反应看作是对环境变化的适应性反应,而应激反应的实质是有机体在对负担刺激的认知评估后,在生理唤醒层次上产生的更高的生理预警反应。本研究对该理论的主要思想观点、实验证据加以了梳理简介,并与其他的应激理论进行了对比评述。评述指出,该理论对应激反应的积极心理学的认知,以及从认知心理学和生理心理学的综合视角提出了应激的心理解释机制,使得该理论表现出了强大的理论优势和良好的解释效度。同时,本研究也指出了该理论忽略了情绪对压力认知或应激反应的调节作用等问题。     

数量表征的符号特异性和符号非特异性

数量表征(numerical representation)指与特定数量相联系的心理表征。长期以来抽象的数量表征假说占据主导地位, 但随着自动化加工范式和脑成像技术的发展, 数量表征存在符号特异性的证据已不断涌现。其中, 最近有两个理论认为数量表征可能同时存在符号特异性和符号非特异性。计算的模型假说提出非符号数量和符号数字在总和编码阶段具有符号特异性, 而在之后的位置编码阶段具有符号非特异性。双重编码的延伸假说则认为数量表征在自动编码阶段具有符号特异性, 然后在有意编码阶段, 受任务要求影响, 数量表征向实时的抽象表征过渡。已有大量行为和神经基础研究为以上假说提供了证据, 但数量表征动态变化的内在机制和脑区还有待探索, 未来应该在发展、跨文化、自动加工范式与神经成像相结合、单细胞记录技术等方向继续开展数量表征研究。     

积极组织行为学视角下的双重应激管理模式

积极组织行为学的兴起, 为偏向消极应激预防与控制的传统应激管理模式提供了新的思路。应激源对个体而言是中性的, 如果个体对之进行积极评估, 认为应激源可以维持或提升其幸福感, 则引发的反应既是积极应激反应。组织不仅应当注重应对消极应激, 还应当注重诱发和品味积极应激。应对消极应激与品味积极应激并重的双重应激管理模式, 是组织进行应激管理的较好选择。     

高中学生心理应激及其中介变量的研究

学生的心理应激与心理健康问题日益受到人们的关注。本研究对浙江省范围内的４３７名高中学生进行应激源、中介变量和应激反应方面的调查研究,并在此基础上,对高中学生的心理应激过程作了较详细的探讨。研究表明：（１）高中学生的主要应激源是学习压力及与家庭亲友的人际关系问题,（２）对高中学生的应激反应有影响的中介变量主要是社会支持和“问题解决”、“逃避”等应对策略。本研究结论认为,在高中学生的心理卫生工作中要注意减轻他们的学习压力,加强社会支持系统的建立及积极应对方式的教育。     

社会拒绝的神经生理反应及其理论解释

社会拒绝是社会应激的一个重要方面,心理学领域已对此作出较为深入的研究。已经有许多研究发现社会拒绝能够引起人们不同方面的神经生理反应,在此基础上研究者已提出不同的理论对这些神经生理反应进行解释。文章主要将当前心理学领域对社会拒绝引起的主要的神经生理反应的研究结果加以总结,形成比较系统的概括,并对目前学界对社会拒绝应激反应的主要理论解释加以介绍。     

慢性应激对大鼠海马Akt/FKHRL1信号通路活性的影响

探讨慢性应激对大鼠海马Akt/FKHRL1信号通路活性的影响,及其应激源特异性。将24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为心理应激组、束缚应激组和正常对照组（n=8）。用Western-blotting方法测定28天应激后海马Akt、FKHRL1蛋白含量及其磷酸化水平。结果表明,应激后三组大鼠海马磷酸化Akt、FKHRL1含量差异有统计学意义（p < 0.01;p < 0.001）,束缚应激组低于正常对照组（p < 0.01）。提示慢性应激能导致海马磷酸化Akt、FKHRL1表达水平降低,但其影响程度与应激源特异性有关     

Parent and Adolescent Responses to PovertyRelated Stress: Tests of Mediated and Moderated Coping Models

We tested several models of the associations among economic strain, life stress, coping, involuntary stress responses, and psychological symptoms in a sample of 57 parent-adolescent dyads from rural, lower-income families. Economic strain and life stress predicted symptoms for both parents and adolescents. Stressor-symptom specificity was found for parents, such that economic strain uniquely predicted depression, whereas negative life events predicted hostility. Involuntary stress responses were associated with higher levels of symptoms for both parents and the adolescent children. Secondary control coping was associated with fewer symptoms for both parents and adolescents. Results support a mediational role of coping and responses to stress during adolescence, with a shift to moderational status in adulthood. Implications of these results are discussed with regard to developmental coping theory and potential interventions with at-risk families.     

Cognitive avoidance of intrusive memories and autobiographical memory: specificity, autonoetic consciousness, and self-perspective

Autobiographical memory (AM) specificity is impaired in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Previous studies emphasised the role of cognitive avoidance of intrusive memories in this impairment. This study aimed to examine the association of cognitive avoidance of intrusive memories with specificity, autonoetic consciousness, and self-perspective. A total of 38 healthy participants were given the revised Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) and an AM task designed to assess positive and negative memories regarding specificity, autonoetic consciousness (remember/know procedure), and self-perspective (field/observer procedure). Taking into account age, verbal IQ, mood, harm avoidance, and executive resources, the IES-R avoidance subscale was negatively correlated with specificity and remember responses for positive memories, and with remember and field responses for negative memories. These findings suggest that cognitive avoidance of intrusive memories is associated with a decrease of the episodic components of AM retrieval.     

Does anxiety or cardiovascular reactivity have a causal role in hypertension?

Anxiety, stress, and cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) are variously believed to play a role in sustained hypertension. Although acute anxiety or stress elicits acute pressor responses, there is little support for their significant role in sustained hypertension. Anxiety correlates poorly with CVR, and blood pressure levels and anxiolytics do not sustain blood pressure lowering in subjects with hypertension-associated anxiety. Chronic anxiety disorders tend to be characterized by relatively low blood pressure and prevalence of sustained hypertension. Blood Pressure Regulation in hypertension is normal, and normo- and hypertensives have similar ambulatory blood pressure variability. Laboratory CVR fails to predict variability in natural environments, hyperreactors do not exhibit increased variability in natural environments, and the increased variability and ambulatory reactivity that is "accounted for" by laboratory responses is small. These findings do not support the belief that hypertension is related to a summation of heightened pressor responses over time. Antihypertensives normalize elevated blood pressures but do not alter CVR in the laboratory or variability in natural environments, probably because of a dual central regulation of resting and reactive blood pressures. Psychological stress responses result from selective neuronal activation rather than from generalized sympathetic neural responses or dysregulation. Differences in blood pressure responses during various emotions are only quantitative, with no specificity of sympathoadrenal or emotional responses to stressors. It may be time to regard reactive cardiovascular responses as physiological, rather than as psychological, and to require much stronger evidence to confirm causal roles of anxiety, stress, and reactivity in sustained hypertension.     

Reduced autobiographical memory specificity and posttraumatic stress: exploring the contributions of impaired executive control and affect regulation

Reduced specificity of autobiographical memories retrieved to word cues on the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) is associated with increased posttraumatic stress in traumatized samples. Theoretical debates concerning the dominant influences on this effect have focused on affect regulation, whereby specific personal information is avoided more by those experiencing greater distress, versus compromised executive control, whereby increased distress is associated with an inability to set aside inappropriately general responses on the AMT. The present study compared these 2 views in a correlational design using a reversed version of the AMT (the AMT-R) for which trauma-exposed participants (N=36) had to generate general memories from the past and avoid specific memories. An emphasis on the role of affect regulation would predict that distress would be associated with reduced specificity (as in the standard AMT), whereas emphasis on the role of executive control would predict that this relationship would be reversed. The data supported the affect regulation account, with greater posttraumatic stress being associated with reduced memory specificity.     

The psychobiology of stress

Stressful life experience can have significant effects on a variety of physiological systems, including the autonomic nervous system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the immune system. These relationships can be bidirectional; for example, immune cell products can act on the brain, altering mood and cognition, potentially contributing to depression. Although acute physiological alterations may be adaptive in the short term, chronic or repeated provocation can result in damage to health. The central dogma in the field of stress research assumes a stereotyped physiological response to all stressors (the generality model). However, increasing evidence suggests that specific stressful conditions and the specific way an organism appraises these conditions can elicit qualitatively distinct emotional and physiological responses (the integrated specificity model). For example, appraisals of threat (vs. challenge), uncontrollability, and negative social evaluation have been shown to provoke specific psychobiological responses. Emotional responses appear to have specific neural substrates, which can result in differentiated alterations in peripheral physiological systems, so that it is incorrect to presume a uniform stress response.     

The role of anxiety sensitivity in subjective and physiological responses to social and physical stressors

This study examined the specificity of the relationship between anxiety sensitivity (AS), a measure of catastrophizing about arousal-related sensations, and pain responses, by examining the effect of AS on responses to stressors of a physical and social nature. Healthy men and women (n = 129) between the ages of 18 and 25 years were recruited from the community to participate in a study examining subjective, cognitive and behavioural responses to different types of stressors. Participants were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: (i) a neutral condition in which they sat quietly and read a popular magazine; (ii) a social stress condition in which they anticipated having to give a self-disclosing speech; and (iii) a physical stress condition in which they were presented with 3 countdown to shock trials where a mild electrical shock was administered on the non-dominant arm. Subjective ratings and physiological responses were recorded in anticipation of the stressor and immediately after stress exposure. Results indicated that AS was indirectly related to pain ratings via its effect on anticipatory anxiety ratings. AS was associated with anticipatory anxiety ratings, regardless of whether the stressor was of a physical or social nature. Furthermore, AS was not shown to be directly associated with exaggerated subjective or physiological reactions to the physical stressor. These results indicate that the role of AS in pain responses may be mediated through a global effect on anxiety, and limited to the anticipatory stage of the pain experience. If future studies yield similar findings in pain patients, then they would suggest that interventions for helping individuals high in AS should focus on catastrophic thinking in anticipation of stressors in general, rather than on pain-specific stressors.     

Prepartum autobiographical memory specificity predicts post-traumatic stress symptoms following complicated pregnancy

Prior research has shown that reduced autobiographical memory specificity predicts an increase in post-traumatic stress severity in traumatised individuals. Studies have also demonstrated that reduced memory specificity predicts later symptoms of depression after pregnancy-related life stress. So far, no reported studies have tested the predictive value of memory specificity at the onset of a potentially traumatic situation. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate whether prenatal memory specificity would predict post-traumatic stress after complicated pregnancy. The results demonstrate that women who retrieved fewer specific memories with a pregnancy-related content to positive cues during pregnancy (i.e., directly after hospitalisation) reported more post-traumatic stress 6 weeks after giving birth. This relationship remained significant after controlling for variables that were related to both baseline autobiographical memory specificity and later post-traumatic stress. A similar pattern was found for depression symptomatology, even when somatic symptoms were excluded from the analyses. Taken together, these data suggest that the relationship of memory specificity with later depression can be generalised to post-traumatic stress symptoms.     

Predictors of responses to stress among families coping with poverty-related stress

This study tested how poverty-related stress (PRS), psychological distress, and responses to stress predicted future effortful coping and involuntary stress responses one year later. In addition, we explored age, sex, ethnicity, and parental influences on responses to stress over time. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses conducted with 98 low-income families (300 family members: 136 adults, 82 school-aged children, 82 adolescents) revealed that primary control coping, secondary control coping, disengagement, involuntary engagement, and involuntary disengagement each significantly predicted future use of that response. Primary and secondary control coping also predicted less maladaptive future responses to stress, while involuntary responses to stress undermined the development of adaptive responding. Age, sex, and interactions among PRS and prior coping were also found to predict certain responses to stress. In addition, child subgroup analyses demonstrate the importance of parental modeling of coping and involuntary stress responses, and warmth/nurturance and monitoring practices. Results are discussed with regard to the implications for preventive interventions with families in poverty.     

心理资本在工作压力源和压力反应问的作用：调节还是中介？

谊研宛采用工作压力源量表、压力反应量表以及积极心理资本问卷对天津市某企业230名员工进行了调查。分析了心理资本与工作压力源和压力反应的关系及其作用机制。结果发现：（1）工作压力源对压力反应有显著的正向预洲作用;（2）心理资本对压力反应有显著的负向预测作用;（3）心理资本在工作压力源与压力反应之间起部分中介作用而不是调节作用,其中中介效应占总效应的比例为16％;（4）心理资本在各种工作压力源与压力反应问均起到中介作用,中介效应和直接效应的比值介于17．4％-26．1％之间。     

Transactional Associations Between Youths’ Responses to Peer Stress and Depression: The Moderating Roles of Sex and Stress Exposure

This study examined transactional associations between responses to peer stress and depression in youth. Specifically, it tested the hypotheses that (a) depression would predict fewer effortful responses and more involuntary, dysregulated responses to peer stress over time; and (b) fewer adaptive and more maladaptive responses would predict subsequent depression. Youth (M age = 12.41; SD = 1.19; 86 girls, 81 boys) and their maternal caregivers completed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires at three annual waves. Multi-group comparison path analyses were conducted to examine sex and stress-level differences in the proposed reciprocal-influence model. In girls and in youth exposed to high levels of peer stress, maladaptive stress responses predicted more depressive symptoms and adaptive stress responses predicted fewer depressive symptoms at each wave. These findings suggest the utility of preventive interventions for depression designed to enhance the quality of girls’ stress responses. In boys, depression predicted less adaptive and more maladaptive stress responses, but only at the second wave. These findings suggest that interventions designed to reduce boys’ depressive symptoms may help them develop more adaptive stress responses.