基于100例医患会话的社会学分析

医疗会话是医生和急者沟通交流信息的主要方式,是医学诊疗过程中不可缺少的重要活动.会话分析是以人们日常会话中常见但未被注意的语言现象为研究对象,目的是发现人们理解和把握世界的方法.运用会话分析从社会学的角度对医患会话进行系统、深入的研究,可以发现医生对自身角色的领悟实践程度、医患知识运行方式和权利表现特点.     

A Theoretical Approach to the Treatment of Work Difficulties in Borderline Personalities

This paper reviews the psychodynamic basis of borderline personality disorder with special reference to work difficulties. The model of human occupation is reviewed, and its use as a theoretical framework model for a formulation of borderline occupational functioning is proposed. A hypothetical model is conceptualized and the expected deficits in the volitional, habituation, and performance subsystems described. The primary occupational dysfunction of the borderline patient is shown to occur at the level of exploratory behavior, or play, and to manifest itself in the inability to perform autonomous adult roles. A treatment approach derived from this formulation is delineated, emphasizing the need for a context of exploration and curiosity. A specific treatment program is described and the therapeutic change process is illustrated through clinical case examples.     

Implications for the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Life: A Theological Approach

Abstract

Recent remarks of Pope Francis spark anew an important discussion: are we alone in the Universe? The article follows traces of the idea of extraterrestrial life throughout philosophy, evaluates the current considerations about the probability of extraterrestrial life and discusses the potential implications for the discovery of such life from a theological point of view. This “thought experiment” covers basic insights on creation, revelation and redemption.     

Group Pacing: A Developmental Eclectic Approach to Group Work

The authors examine a new approach to conducting group work, which is referred to as “developmental eclecticism.” Using Loevinger's (1976) theory of ego development as a guiding force in their counseling practice, the authors present a discussion that reflects various strategies implemented in working with a group of adults in a community mental health center setting.     

The Partners for Life Program: A Couples Approach to Cardiac Risk Reduction

Morbidity and mortality are reliably lower for the married compared with the unmarried across a variety of illnesses. What is less well understood is how a couple uses their relationship for recommended lifestyle changes associated with decreased risk for illness. Partners for Life compared a patient and partner approach to behavior change with a patient only approach on such factors as exercise, nutrition, and medication adherence. Ninety‐three patients and their spouses/partners consented to participate (26% of those eligible) and were randomized into either the individual or couples condition. However, only 80 couples, distributed across conditions, contributed data to the analyses, due to missing data and missing data points. For exercise, there was a significant effect of couples treatment on the increase in activity and a significant effect of couples treatment on the acceleration of treatment over time. In addition, there was an interaction between marital satisfaction and treatment condition such that patients who reported higher levels of marital distress in the individuals condition did not maintain their physical activity gains by the end of treatment, while both distressed and nondistressed patients in the couples treatment exhibited accelerating gains throughout treatment. In terms of medication adherence, patients in the couples treatment exhibited virtually no change in medication adherence over time, while patients in the individuals treatment showed a 9% relative decrease across time. There were no condition or time effects for nutritional outcomes. Finally, there was an interaction between baseline marital satisfaction and treatment condition such that patients in the individuals condition who reported lower levels of initial marital satisfaction showed deterioration in marital satisfaction, while non satisfied patients in the couples treatment showed improvement over time.     

A Finer Grained Approach to Psychological Capital and Work Performance

Purpose

Psychological capital is a set of personal resources comprised by hope, efficacy, optimism, and resilience, which previous research has supported as being valuable for general work performance. However, in today’s organizations, a multidimensional approach is required to understanding work performance, thus, we aimed to determine whether psychological capital improves proficiency, adaptivity, and proactivity, and also whether hope, efficiency, resilience, and optimism have a differential contribution to the same outcomes. Analyzing the temporal meaning of each psychological capital dimension, this paper theorizes the relative weights of psychological capital dimensions on proficiency, adaptivity, and proactivity, proposing also that higher relative weight dimensions are helpful to cope with job demands and perform well.

Methodology

Two survey studies, the first based on cross-sectional data and the second on two waves of data, were conducted with employees from diverse organizations, who provided measures of their psychological capital, work performance, and job demands. Data was modeled with regression analysis together with relative weights analysis.

Findings

Relative weights for dimensions of psychological capital were supported as having remarkable unique contributions for proficient, adaptive, and proactive behavior, particularly when job demands were high.

Originality/Value

We concluded that organizations facing high job demands should implement actions to enhance psychological capital dimensions; however, those actions should focus on the specific criterion of performance of interest.

     

Flow Versus Life Satisfaction: A Projective Use of Cartoons to Illustrate the Difference Between the Evaluation Approach and the Intrinsic Motivation Approach to Subjective Quality of Life

In this paper, differences between life satisfaction and intrinsic motivation (flow) are addressed. Theories are presented on evaluation, flow and openness to experience. Data from a Norwegian panel study are analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. Young adults (n = 264) participated in a projective study with cartoon frames showing Donald Duck in challenging situations. Measures of satisfaction with life and the personality trait of openness to experience were added to the analysis. Subjects scoring high on openness rated Donald Duck's feelings as positive. A slightly opposing tendency was found for persons scoring high on satisfaction with life. The results are discussed with reference to the philosophical distinction between hedonism and eudaemonia.     

A Different Approach to Dependence Analysis

This article focuses on a statistical tool for dependence analysis in scientific research. Starting from a recent index of concordance for a multiple linear regression model, a coefficient suitable in catching any monotonic dependence relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable is derived and discussed. Given its interpretation in terms of monotonic dependence, it is called monotonic dependence coefficient (MDC). It is appropriate to all contexts where the dependent variable is quantitative (continuous or discrete) and the independent variable is at least of ordinal nature; tied data are also allowed. MDC’s adequacy is validated through Monte Carlo simulations led by taking into account different scenarios of dependence. Finally, an application to real data is provided to stress MDC’s capability of detecting dependence relationships between two variables, even if some pieces of information about original data are lost.     

Learning for Life: An Ecological Approach to Pedagogical Research

ABSTRACT— The trend to convert laboratory findings on the conditions associated with optimal memory into recommendations for teaching strategies and learning aids will harm students if findings fail to generalize to students' usual learning environments. Moreover, it is likely that pedagogies function differently for students with different degrees of background knowledge, time, and interest in the subject matter; that some support activities will prevent students from honing their ability learn from narrative material without guided learning; and that an overuse of learning aids will tax students' ability to use them effectively. We contrast two approaches to developing pedagogy—memory first and pedagogical ecology—and explain how the human factors approach of pedagogical ecology could be a more satisfying model for the scholarship of teaching and learning.     

对一起丧葬事件的法社会学分析

本文是对一起丧葬事件的法社会学分析。在这起丧葬事件中 ,死者家属一方面面临着传统的丧葬习俗———实行土葬 ,另一方面又面临着上级的法规文件———要求火葬。受这两方面的影响 ,死者家属最后采取了偷埋这一对策。本文通过对这起丧葬事件的实证考察 ,具体分析了 :国家法规为什么执意取代传统的习俗 ,当国家法规与传统习俗冲突的情况下 ,人们将做出怎样的行为选择 ,为什么做出这样的选择 ,人们的行为是否达到了国家法律的预期。通过分析 ,文章最后对已有的法治模式进行了反思     

Concerning the Sociological Analysis of Technological Innovation

Des observations paradoxales faites pendant les phases d'une recherche sur les salaires dans des entreprises industrielles françaises, nous ont conduit àénoncer que leur situation est le résultat de la présence de trois modèles de valorisation validés simultanément. On a observé que l'innovation technologique est une source de modification de l'équilibre des salaires. L'approche en termes de modéle de valorisation aide à comprendre le processus de régulation qui peut être remarqué après l'apparition de ce type d'innovation. Le processus qui a conduit à un nouvel équilibre des salaires des spécialistes de l'informatique est offert ici en exemple.
Some paradoxical observations made during a research study on wages in French industrial firms have led us to propose that the state of wages is the result of the presence of three simultaneously legitimate models of validation. Technological innovation is a source of modification of the equilibrium observed at any moment with regard to wages. The approach in terms of models of validation helps the understanding of the regulation process which may be observed after the appearance of such an innovation. The process which has led to a new equilibrium of the wages of specialists in data processing is offered as an example.     

Trajectories of Experience of Real Life Events. A Semiotic Approach to the Dynamics of Positioning

This paper is devoted to the study of experience as a semiotic process of constructing the personal meaning of the situation lived. Its main purpose is to devise a semiotic methodology capable of describing and explaining the dynamics of positioning when facing personal lived experiences in real life contexts. Twenty four young adults were exposed to a simulated conflict and then asked to write a narrative of their understanding of the incident and a self-report of their personal experiences. Results show how narratives and trajectories of experience present different forms in each participant, which could be related to: a) the understanding of the situation lived and the position taken regarding the conflict; and b) the position each participant takes regarding the reports they had to produce for the researchers. The incorporation of reflexivity into the applied method allows identification of how the dynamics of double positioning leave traces in the records produced.     

The Analysis and Design of Mental Information Work: A Method Based on the Action Facilitation Approach

Abstract

Mental information work (MIW) can be characterized as work with information and information objects in which mental activities predominate. We examine some problems concerned with the analysis of MIW for (re)design purposes, related to: (1) the accessibility of mental activity for analysis; (2) the complexity of person-task interaction; and (3) the establishment and use of norms in evaluation and (re)design. Furthermore, we describe the structure and contents of a method for the analysis and design of MIW that is currently being developed within the theoretical framework of Action Theory and the Action Facilitation Approach. The focus of the method is on the “within-job” level, dealing with features of the actual performed work behaviour within its environment. The overall architectural level of jobs is taken into account as well. Criteria for the evaluation of work activity are defined on both levels. The method is developed in co-operation with field experts on the analysis and design of work.     

Religiosity and Life Satisfaction: A Multi-dimensional Approach

In this paper we employ a unique data set of 413 adults and scrutinize over the linear and non-linear relationship of religious adherence to life satisfaction. The findings confirm the previous studies regarding the positive linear and curvilinear relationship between the uni-dimensional religiosity and subjective well-being. To deepen the understanding of the relationship between religiosity and subjective well-being, the authors make use of a multi-dimensional religiosity scale. Via dissecting religiosity into different dimensions, we show when life satisfaction is in negative, positive, linear and/or curvilinear relationship with religiosity. The empirical evidence shows that the relationships between the dimensions of religiosity on life satisfaction are non-linear. Specifically, we demonstrate that there exist non-linear relations of ideological and consequential dimensions of religiosity to life satisfaction.     

A Constructive Approach to Help Counselors Work With Clients Who Express Discriminatory Views

Although much has been written to help counselors understand the potential impact of their own biases toward clients from traditionally marginalized groups, much less attention has been given to assist counselors working with clients who express discriminatory views that counselors may find offensive. In this article, the authors briefly outline how constructive clinical supervision can be integrated with aspects of relational–cultural theory and moral foundations theory to help counselors work with clients who espouse discriminatory views.