关注现代公共卫生的政策框架

2003年肆虐中华大地的"非典"疫情,最重要和最显著的社会影响是,人们重新"发现"和"回归"似乎已经久违的公共卫生,社会发展和社会转型迫切需要公共卫生,公共卫生在社会发展与社会转型中占据战略地位:公共卫生既是公共管理和公共政策议程中最优先的议题,又首次真正形成"公共卫生"议题.更重要的是,SARS疫情迫使人们反思传统公共卫生政策框架与医疗卫生制度的整体安排,重新思考政府在社会协调发展与公共卫生领域扮演角色、发挥作用,政府与市场机制关系,直接刺激推动传统公共卫生政策框架与服务体系向现代公共卫生政策框架与服务体系转变,这种转变既成为传统社会向现代社会转型不可或缺的重要组成部分,又成为推动公共财政体制建设、社会政策框架建构、社会福利制度创新和公共管理的最佳社会契机,意义重大非凡.     

关注健康公平,保障健康权益

在卫生改革与发展的过程中,健康公平与健康权益的问题不断引出争论,而且,出现的许多新问题也都与健康公平相关.获得基本医疗服务对于全体居民来说,并不仅仅具有提高劳动力素质的意义,而且还是人们充分发挥自身潜力的一个前提,是人们参与社会经济政治决策过程的一个前提,有着超出个人投资回报的社会效益.因此,在卫生改革过程中应该关注健康公平,合理保护居民的健康权益.     

The Loss of Loss Aversion: Paying Attention to Reference Points

We agree with Gal and Rucker ( 2018 , in press) that loss aversion is not as firmly established as typically assumed. We affirm, however, the more general principle put forward within Prospect Theory (D. Kahneman & A. Tversky, 1979), which is that reference points increase people's sensitivity to objective changes in value. We show how the literatures on counterfactual thought, social comparison, and goal pursuit are consistent with the notion that reference points increase sensitivity to change in value, while not being consistent with loss aversion. We then examine, within the framework of Regulatory Focus theory (E. T. Higgins, 1997, 1998), how different reference points combine with characteristics of the actor and the situation to give rise to loss aversion (more sensitivity to negative outcomes than to positive outcomes) as well as to the reverse pattern (more sensitivity to positive outcomes than to negative outcomes). Our review suggests that the status quo, even when used as a reference point, is not necessarily neutral. It also suggests that anchor points other than the status quo may serve as reference points and that people may use more than one reference point simultaneously. More generally, we call for a critical examination of the “bad is stronger than good” principle.     

重视临床决策,提高临床医学水平

当代临床医学的发展与提高,与基础医学的研究密切相关,与科学技术提供的诊疗装备密切相关.由于现代信息技术的发展迅速,科技情报传递速度很快,以及经济全球化提供的便利快速的物流网络,医学的任何新设备、新药物、新的诊疗方法问世后,很快就能传遍全世界.就我国而言,我国临床医学水平与一些国家的差距,主要不是装备的差距,不是新设备、新药物的差距,而是如何运用医学新技术、新设备、新药物的差距,实际上也就是临床研究思维和临床决策水平的差距.     

Paying Attention and Feeling Puzzled: The Analytic Mindset as an Agent of Therapeutic Change

The Relational turn has affirmed emotional interaction without losing sight of the complexities of the internal world, thus reforming psychoanalysis. This paper, however, is concerned that this well-justified enthusiasm for interaction may be distracting us from opportunities offered by analysts’ special aptitude for an open, quiet, focused mind in the midst of intense emotional and interpersonal activity. This special orientation is considered in relation to the analyst’s tolerance for ambiguity and even confusion. The effects of the analyst’s reflective concentration as a change factor in the analytic field are discussed, using nonlinear dynamic systems theories and a phenomenological perspective.     

Intensity and the Sublime: Paying Attention to Self and Environment in Nature Sports

This paper responds to Kevin Krein’s claim in (2015) that the particular value of nature sports over traditional ones is that they offer intensity of sport experience in dynamic interaction between an athlete and natural features. He denies that this intensity is derived from competitive conflict of individuals and denies that nature sport derives its value from internal conflict within the athlete who carries out the activity. This paper responds directly to Krein by analysing ‘intensity’ in sport in terms of the relationship between attention and reflection and the interaction between self and environment. I reply directly to Krein’s rejection of self-competition as based on a mischaracterisation of internal struggle and argue that the weighing of incompatible desires does not involve a fragmented self. I argue that the unique intensity to which Krein refers is strongly comparable to the Kantian conception of the sublime and explore how sublime experience fits Krein’s account and outline some serious problems that such an ideal of experience poses for nature sport.     

Niebuhr One More Time

In this essay Stanley Hauerwas offers a response to Edmund Santurri's review of Reinhold Niebuhr's An Interpretation of Christian Ethics.     

在关注时代和实践的发展中进行哲学创新--专家学者谈《哲学理论创新丛书》与哲学理论创新

马克思主义哲学理论创新是近年来哲学理论界关注的焦点 ,一批有学术成就和影响的中青年学者对我国改革开放以来马克思主义哲学的创新和发展作出了不少原创性的贡献 ,《哲学理论创新丛书》就是力求把他们的代表性成果进行清理与总结 ,并奉献给学术界。 2 0 0 2年 1月在《求是》杂志社召开了《哲学理论创新丛书》出版座谈会 ,专家学者就《丛书》的出版和哲学理论创新发表看法。韩庆祥 :《哲学理论创新丛书》的总体构想是 :( 1 )以“一批有较大学术影响的中青年学者”为创作主体 ;( 2 )以“哲学理论创新”为基础和核心。如果用一句话来概括改革…     

老年抑郁个体注意偏向的发生阶段

本研究以老年抑郁量表、自评抑郁量表和汉密顿抑郁量表为工具筛选出老年抑郁个体和老年正常对照组为研究对象,通过空间线索化范式,以及分离的情绪Stroop范式考察了刺激呈现时间、线索呈现条件对老年抑郁个体注意偏向的影响,并探讨了老年抑郁个体注意偏向的发生阶段。研究结果表明：（1）在空间线索任务中,当刺激呈现时间为250ms或500ms时,老年抑郁组与老年正常组的返回抑制效应在各种情绪刺激下均无显著差异（P>0.05）,即老年抑郁个体没有呈现出对任何情绪刺激类型的注意偏向现象;当刺激呈现时间为750ms或1000ms时,老年抑郁组的返回抑制效应在不同情绪刺激条件下差异显著,F(2, 66)=3.22,P=0.046,而老年正常组则不存在返回抑制效应在情绪刺激类型上的差异（P>0.05）,提示老年抑郁组对不同情绪类型的刺激注意返回抑制能力不同;进一步检验得知：返回抑制效应在悲伤条件下,存在组间差异,分别是F(1, 33)=10.03,P=0.003;F(1, 33)=18.21,P=0.000,即老年抑郁组的返回抑制效应弱于老年正常组。（2）在Stroop实验中,老年抑郁组在单中性、双中性与单悲伤面孔、中性悲伤面孔、双悲伤面孔线索类型下的反应时差异显著;且当线索类型为单悲伤面孔、中性悲伤面孔、双悲伤面孔时,老年抑郁组与老年正常组的反应时差异均显著,即老年抑郁组的反应时明显长于老年正常组,F(1, 41) = 5.37,P=0.026;F(1, 41) = 7.08,P=0.011;F(1, 41) = 7.28,P=0.010;而当线索类型为单中性和双中性面孔时,老年抑郁组与老年正常组的反应时差异不显著（P>0.05）;提示抑郁组可能在自动化注意选择分配期存在注意偏向。研究认为,老年抑郁个体的注意偏向可能发生在注意初始分配阶段和解释阶段,且受加工深度的影响。在刺激呈现时间较长的条件下,注意偏向的效应更明显。     

因为注意，所以拥有—纯粹所有权效应内部机制探究

采用四个实验,通过整体呈现刺激的新范式探究注意在纯粹所有权效应发生中的作用。实验1要求被试在词表背面写上自己的名字,结果表现出明显的纯粹所有权效应和积极效应。实验2不要求被试在词表背面写上自己的名字,而是加入触摸的动作,结果没有发现纯粹所有权效应。实验3通过“反复交换词表”从而激发被试更多的注意资源以加强自我与词表之间的联系,结果也发现了纯粹所有权效应和积极效应。为控制积极效应对纯粹所有权效应的影响,实验4以代表物体名称的中性名词作为实验材料,采用实验1与实验3的程序,结果也发现了显著的纯粹所有权效应。结果表明：整体呈现实验刺激的新范式可以用于探究纯粹所有权效应;注意可能是纯粹所有权效应的发生机制。     

Paying attention to meaning

Abstract— Several paradigms show that responses to one event compromise responses to a second event for around 500 ms. Such effects are generally attributed to attentional capacity limitations associated with processing information in the first event. In a task in which targets could be distinguished only by their meaning, we varied the semantic relationship between distractors and targets following at different lags. Semantic relatedness alone produced a classic attentional blink. We conclude by discussing how attention theory might best accommodate these new effects.     

Paying attention to consciousness

Despite being much studied by cognitive neuroscience, consciousness has resisted attempts to understand it. Recent neuroscientific papers on the problem have surprisingly neglected attention as a guide to consciousness. A new neural mechanism is proposed here, guided by a control approach to attention, which identifies the source of consciousness, especially that of the ownership of experience.     

关注并反思大众文化--评《当代中国大众文化论》

大众文化的兴起和迅猛发展已成为当代中国最为引人注目的文化现象。对当代中国大众文化的研究也随之成为了一个重要而又富于挑战意义的领域。清华大学哲学系邹广文教授所主持的国家“九五”社科基金项目“社会转型期的大众文化问题研究” ,立足于文化哲学的高度 ,对社会转型期的当代中国大众文化进行了较为全面、系统的考察与研究 ,最终撰写成《当代中国大众文化论》一书 ,并已由辽宁大学出版社出版。黑格尔曾经说过 ,序言之类的东西对于哲学来说是必要的 ,因为哲学总要有所交待 ,要把自己思想的内容整理一下 ,以便有个逻辑。这本著作有导论…     

Reconfiguring Older Bodies in the Prison Time Machine

It is by mapping an area that the geographer comes to understand the contours and formations of a place. The place in this case is the prison world. This article serves to map moments in prison demonstrating how old female bodies are performed under the prison gaze. In this article I will illustrate how older women subvert, negotiate, or invoke discourse as a means of reinscribing the normalizing discourses that serve to confine and define older women's experiences in prison. Female elders in prison become defined and confined by regimes of femininity and ageism. They have to endure symbolic and actual intrusions of physical privacy, which serve to remind them of what they were, where they are, and what they have become. This article will critically explore the complexity and contradictions of time use in prison and how they impact on embodied identities. By incorporating the voices of elders, I hope to draw out the contradictions and dilemmas which they experience, thereby illustrating the relationship between time, their involvement in doing time, and the performance of time in a total institution (see Goffman, 1961), and the relationship between temporality and existence. The stories of the women show how their identities are caught within the movement and motion of time and space, both in terms of the time of the real on the outside and within prison time. This is the in-between space of carceral time within which women live and which they negotiate. It is by being caught in this network of carceral time that they are constantly being remade as their body/performance of identities alters within it. While only a small percentage of the female prison population in the United Kingdom are in later life, one has to question why criminological and gerontological literature fail to address the needs of a growing significant minority.     

Aggression as One Response to Conflict1

This paper presents two studies that explore the link between self-reported conflict management strategies and aggression. It was predicted that conflict strategies involving concern for the needs of the other would be inconsistent with aggressive behavior. On the other hand, conflict strategies that involve coercion and domination were predicted to be positively related to aggressive behavior. Studies using self-report and behavioral measures of aggression provide support for these predictions.