良心成就“疫苗之王”

正在十九世纪的科学家当中,法国科学家路易斯·巴斯德当仁不让是最有成就的一位。就像牛顿开辟经典力学一样,他开辟了微生物领域。他一生研究疫苗,发明疫苗,在战胜狂犬病、鸡霍乱、炭疽病、蚕病等方面都取得了成果,是世人公认的"疫苗之王",更可贵的是,他从不把发明占为己有,更不屑借此谋利。巴斯德从小就聪明、爱动脑子、爱提问题。他醉心于做各种化学实验,没日没夜地泡在实验室,把实验室当成了自己     

浅析当代背景下的黑格尔“自然美”论

自然审美是美学理论研究中一个重要的问题。黑格尔关于“自然美”的理论中有不少有价值和具有启发性的思想,他指出了主体的审美意识在自然审美活动中的作用以及审美主体与自然展开的心理交流运动过程,还指出了“自然美”发生的深层原因和自然审美创造活动对于主体的价值。这对我们今天研究自然审美问题仍有着重要的启示。     

人工智能在思维科学上的位置

创造现代计算机的鼻祖图灵在1950年发表《计算机和智能》(又译《计算机能思维吗?》)论中说：“现在人们对于‘思维机器’的兴趣是由一种通常称作‘电子计算机’或‘数字计算机’的特殊机器引起来的。”①他提出一个问题：“机器能够思维吗?”并设计出称作模仿游戏的所谓“图灵试验”。机器模拟人的思维能力从此引起人们的关注。     

基督当生在何处？

基督降生的马槽,是我们基督徒的座标,我们的生活必须以他为中心。圣经是我们信仰的最高权威,我们应该立志读它、研究它。当代著名的圣经学者巴斯德博士说:“不认识圣经的人,他的教会不算完全;不详细研究圣经的传道人,不配侍奉基督的教会;不立志了解圣经的圣侍人员,他的工作不会有价值;不充分领会圣经的基督徒,他也不能过完全的基督徒生活”。     

论荀子的"天人之分"说

荀子天论思想中的“天人之分”指的是天与人各自的职分、名分,并不含有“天人相分”之义。在荀子的理论体系中,天虽然并没有绝对摒弃自然属性,但是这种自然属性却淹没在它的神的属性之中。荀子正是利用了关于天的粗糙表象阐述天的神秘属性的。荀子虽然提出了“制天命而用之”的思想,但他又对“制”的范围做了很多限制,像孙悟空没有跳出如来佛的手心一样,荀子的天道观也没有摆脱天命论的羁绊。他所说的“制天命而用之”并不能引申出“人定胜天”的意蕴。     

制度要素与社会经济的发展变革

一、作为一种文化体存在的人类社会人类是在对身外自然和自身自然的双重改造中成长起来的。在此过程中,人创造了文化,这一结果不仅使人同自然界相区别,而且使人的社会性本质得到实现。历史本身就是“自然界成为人这一过程的一个现实部分”。正是基于特定的文化联结,个人成为“社会存在物”,“他的生命表现,即使不采取共同的、同其他人一起完成的生命表现这种直接形式,也是社会生活的表现和确证。”“因为只有在社会中,自然界对人说来才是人与人联系的纽带,才是他为别人的存在和别人为他的存在,才是人的现实的生活要素;只有在社会…     

关于胡适的“儒的起源说”的新评说

“儒”在中华文化和儒学中的地位,是众所周知的。但在很长时间内,在汗牛充栋的著述中,有关“儒的起源问题”,却被忽略。诸多学案,与此相关。胡适是孜孜不倦的说儒者。说儒,是他学术事业的重头戏。经过２０年的研究,他终以“丰伟之论文”———《说儒》,冲在探求“儒的起源”者最前头。胡适建构的“儒的起源说”的内容体系,带有开山性质,在学界产生冲击波,引起连锁反应,历６０余年而不衰。近现代锋头人物都参与其中。他的见解,始终以其合理性和新锐性,沐浴于风风雨雨,对于推进儒学研究,颇有助益。     

关于王夫之“内成”、“外生”概念的辨析

关于王夫之“内成”、“外生”概念的辨析衷尔钜王夫之在所撰《周易外传·系辞上传第六章》中提出过“内成”、“外生”两词语，与他改造佛教的“能、所”并赋于其崭新的内容还有所不同，这似乎是中国哲学思想史上前所未见的独创。有不少具较高声望的学者也据此论证王夫之把事物的变化概括为两种形式：“内成”为事物内部的量变、质的渐变；“外生”为超出其规定性范围而发生的质变。笔者在由张岱年先生主编的《中国唯物论史》（河南人民出版社１９９４年版）中所执笔的《王夫之的唯物论思想》一章中亦曾沿袭此说。今经进一步研究，却疑惑丛…     

巴斯德研究所面面观

巴斯德研究所由法国化学家和微生物学家、现代微生物学和免疫学奠基人之一——巴斯德创建于1887年,是一所公益型私人研究机构。通过相关文献的记载,比较系统地探讨该所的历史沿革,着重介绍该所在医疗、科研和教学等方面所做的工作,认为巴斯德研究所是现代科研机构的一个成功典范,对中国科研机构的发展有一定借鉴意义。     

悼念著名心理学家让·皮亚杰学术报告会

国际著名心理学家皮亚杰(Jean Piaget)不幸于1980年9月逝世。为了悼念这位杰出的学者,上海心理学会于1980年10月25日在科学会堂举行了皮亚杰学术报告会。上海的心理学工作者近二百人出席了会议。会议由上海心理学会副理事长胡寄南教授主持。他首先指出,今天,上海心理学工作者怀着沉痛的心情来悼念当代杰出的心理学家皮亚杰,这是具有重大意义的。他说:皮亚杰是日内瓦“发生认识论国际研究中心”的创始人。该研究中心于1955年在日内瓦建立,集中各国心理学家、逻辑学家、语言学家等共同研究儿童认识的发生发展问题。研究者提出了“智     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.