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亚当·斯密的生活哲学是当前斯密思想研究的新话题,而对“美好生活”内涵的阐释,构成了斯密生活哲学的主要内容。斯密从“财富”“道德”“美德”三重维度阐释了“美好生活”的具体内涵。斯密认为,商业社会中的商品交换和劳动分工所带来的财富的增长和普及构成了“美好生活”的基本物质前提。在此基础上,人们在追求“财富”的过程中,不能偏废“德性”。“德性”具有关于普通品德的“道德”和关于高尚品德的“美德”的双重内涵。鉴于此,“美好生活”既可以是“财富”与“道德”的统一,也可以是“财富”与“美德”的统一。 相似文献
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墨家的政治哲学理论似明而实晦。作为其“治道”的“兼爱”要靠“刑政赏罚”来推行;同时,“兼爱”不仅具有“积极义”、“消极义”和“无私义”,而且还具有“人事之维”和“天鬼之维”。但是,“兼爱”与刑政、“兼爱”之三义、人事之维与天鬼之维之间却存在着张力和歧向。在先秦诸家“治道”竞争的格局下,“兼爱”之三义的“治道”意蕴大多被儒家、黄老道家和法家所重释和扬弃,而其“天志说”则被董仲舒的“治道”整合所融摄。一方面,墨家“治道”论的内在理论缺陷使得它在先秦诸家“治道”竞争的格局中处于劣势;另一方面,墨家“治道”构想的合理因素又大多被诸家扬弃于各自的“治道”论说中。于是,墨家“治道”论在秦汉之际的式微就变得不可避免。 相似文献
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《老子》之前,“虚”“静”是两个普通词汇,虽有一定的意义抽象,但并未成为哲学概念。《老子》对“虚”“静”进行了关键性的哲学提升,使之成为描摹“道”的存在状态和“无”的表现形式的哲学概念。“虚”“静”由此被纳入关于“道”“无”的本体论表达中,且呈现出密切的意义关联。“虚”“静”在《老子》中还具有工夫和方法的意义,体道、为道离不开致虚、守静的工夫,“虚”“静”也是形上之“道”通向现实应用的一座便捷的桥梁。战国时期,道家等各个学派从不同的向度发挥和应用了“虚”“静”的哲理,最终两词联结起来而成为了一个独立的范畴。 相似文献
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庄子“吾丧我”的解释历来受到注家关注,在“吾”“丧”“我”三字均有意义之不确定的情况下,以往学者较多关注“吾”“我”的解读,甚至形成了“求吾”和“解我”两条诠释路径。然而,从“吾”“我”入手解释“吾丧我”,是将“丧”的意义一般化,由此带来实践中不能实现的缺陷。本文认为“丧”字的意义在一定程度上决定了对“吾”“我”的理解方式。无论是其在短语中的动词词性,以及其在文段中表现出的实践真切性,还是作为南郭子綦对颜成子游的工夫指点,“丧”字的隐喻较之“吾”“我”更具基础性。可见,“丧”的意义值得重新分析。 相似文献
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孔子思想之“共同体”意涵,是儒家思想体系的重要组成部分。“仁”“和”“礼”是孔子“共同体”思想的价值核心、实践理想和实现途径。孔子“共同体”思想具有重要的时代价值,主要包括:国际合作要坚持“和合思维”,反对因文化差异导致的排他主义;全球治理要倡导“仁政思想”,反对以武力威胁解决争端;国之相交要遵循“底线原则”,拒绝利益至上的利己主义;倡导“和而不同”的发展模式,推动全球治理的合理变革以及维护国际秩序的稳定。 相似文献
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在上古时期,“命”和“天命”观实际反映了中国早期宗教由“自然宗教”到“人为宗教”、由多神教到一神教的发展特点。春秋战国之际,以孔子为代表的儒家,将作为至上的人格神上帝或最高主宰之“天”所赋予人的“使命”或德性称为“天命”,而将令人无可奈何的、导致人之生死疾病顺逆吉凶等偶然性的“盲目的异己力量”称为“命”。墨家则出于“天志”“天鬼”“天意”的宗教立场,认为一切社会现象皆由“天命”决定,“天命”之外不存在所谓“命”,故对“强执有命者”之“有命论”进行了坚决的批判。墨家“非命”的实质只是反映了儒、墨两家“命”和“天命”观的某些差异,而非两家思想的根本对立。 相似文献
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《孟子·告子上》有“学问之道无他,求放心而已”的论断,“求放心”也就成为中国哲学道德修养论中的“公案”。在孟子那里,“放心”是指因利欲熏染而不能始终“居仁由义”和不能自觉“居仁由义”的“个体之心”,但“放心”不代表“本心”“良心”的“丢失”,只是被“遮蔽”而已;“求放心”是自我主体性的自觉发挥,是“本心”“良心”的自我澄明,体现了“即工夫即本体”的工夫论特质。孟子论“求放心”是以善根本性为始基,以“性”“情”“才”(“四端之心”)的“三位一体”为内在逻辑,贯通生存世界中善恶杂陈的“实然”镜像与可能世界中的性善“本然”,挺立意义世界中道德判断和价值评判的“应然”,其本质是以“应然”的“求放心”工夫回归“本然”的性善世界。尽管先秦儒学并没有“工夫论”的具体概念,但其道德修养论对工夫论的有益探索,为后来宋明新儒学构建工夫哲学夯实了思想基础。 相似文献
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L Shengold 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》1984,53(4):507-522
Aspects of geography are important in relation to the establishment of body ego, since they inevitably supply from the external world the early symbols that represent in the mind the basic elements of infantile experience in regard to body parts, functions, and relationships with primal objects. The accretional inter-twining of all subsequent psychic conflicts can therefore be expressed in symbolic geographic terms. These conflicts center on the developmentally evolving meanings of the mother's body as epitomized in the riddle of the Sphinx. Illustration of the concepts includes a brief clinical report and selected literary and mythological examples. 相似文献
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The trouble with overconfidence 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The authors present a reconciliation of 3 distinct ways in which the research literature has defined overconfidence: (a) overestimation of one's actual performance, (b) overplacement of one's performance relative to others, and (c) excessive precision in one's beliefs. Experimental evidence shows that reversals of the first 2 (apparent underconfidence), when they occur, tend to be on different types of tasks. On difficult tasks, people overestimate their actual performances but also mistakenly believe that they are worse than others; on easy tasks, people underestimate their actual performances but mistakenly believe they are better than others. The authors offer a straightforward theory that can explain these inconsistencies. Overprecision appears to be more persistent than either of the other 2 types of overconfidence, but its presence reduces the magnitude of both overestimation and overplacement. 相似文献
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Anthony Simon Laden 《Philosophical explorations》2013,16(1):19-40
Standard discussions of prudence treat it as requiring time-slice management. That this is the standard view of prudence can be seen by its presence in two seemingly opposed positions on prudence, those of Thomas Nagel and Derek Parfit. I argue that this kind of view fails to properly appreciate the difficulty with being prudent, treating imprudence as a kind of theoretical mistake. I then offer a characterization of prudence as integrity, the holding together of disparate but temporally extended parts of the self in a manner that makes the act of reasoning possible. 相似文献
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Harry Collins 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2004,3(2):165-170
I respond to Selinger and Mix (Selinger, E. and Mix, J. 2004. On interactional expertise: Pragmatic and ontological considerations.
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 3: 145–163), concentrating on their charges that Collins (Collins, H. M. 2004a. Interactional expertise as a third form of
knowledge. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 3: 125–143) underrates the importance of interactional expertise as an expertise sui generis and that the paper fails to analyse the idea of embodiment sufficiently holistically, misleading treating the ‘body’ as no
more than the linear sum of its parts.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
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Wolfgang Barz 《Philosophical explorations》2013,16(2):79-92
I argue that the project of naturalizing intentionality is misconceived. Intentionality should not be considered as a challenge to our naturalistic world-view, but rather as something which gives rise to a logical problem: how to save the principle of indiscernibility of identicals from apparent counterexamples arising from intensional discourse. 相似文献