The School and Community Study: Characteristics of Students Who Have Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities Served in Restructuring Public Schools

We present selected initial results from a study investigating the effects of school restructuring and reform activities on outcomes for students who are identified as having serious emotional and behavioral disabilities. A review of the literature revealed six key areas of reform for investigation: accountability, governance, parent involvement, includedness, curriculum and instruction, and pro-social discipline. Ten schools (five elementary, two K-8, one middle, and two high schools) actively engaged in school restructuring and reform efforts were selected to participate in the study, and their status related to these six areas is presented. Characteristics of the students identified as having emotional and behavioral disabilities and served in these schools in special education settings (N = 116) are described. Results from the administration of standardized assessments revealed that these students have significant levels of emotional and behavioral disabilities that impair their functioning at school and at home. Further, school staff are providing the majority of counseling services to these students during the school day, with non-school professionals providing services to 25% of the students.     

Investigating the Impact of Strength-Based Assessment on Youth with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders

The trend toward adopting a strengths approach to mental health practice with children and adolescents amounts to a paradigm shift from an emphasis on diagnosing disorders to tapping child capacities and assets toward the achievement of treatment goals. While the potential value and challenges associated with this shift has received ample attention in the literature, minimal research has been conducted to assess the benefits and barriers related to the use of strength-based strategies with youth. Utilizing an experimental design, this author examined the impact of strength-based assessment using the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS) with seriously emotionally or behaviorally disturbed children and adolescents. Results revealed that child functioning outcomes were significantly better for youth who received BERS-guided assessment versus the usual deficit-based assessment protocol only when the treating therapist reported an orientation toward service that reflects highly strength-based attitudes and practices. Furthermore, high adherence to the strength-based assessment protocol was associated with significantly higher parent satisfaction with services and lower rates of missed appointments. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for practitioner effects and treatment fidelity in future studies of strength-based practice effectiveness.     

The Role of Schools in Outcomes for Youth: Implications for Children's Mental Health Services Research

We explore the role of schools in children's mental health services research. Recent literature has suggested that schools play an important role in delivering services to children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems. Research in services research, though, has taken a fairly narrow view of which dimensions of school environments are relevant for inclusion in studies. We suggest that a broader view of school environments is appropriate and potentially beneficial to the field. Using Bronfenbrenner's ecological model as a guide, we conceptualize schools as microsystems. Such an approach suggests that all aspects of school environments (treatment as well as non-treatment) are likely to influence many of the outcomes that children's mental health services research frequently targets (e.g., behavioral problems, problematic peer relationships, academic achievement, school attendance). We review literature from a variety of disciplines to suggest relevant features of schools, with particular attention to the role of peer dynamics within schools. We conclude with implications of this expanded conceptualization of schools for children's mental health services research.     

Education and Training of Children's Mental Health Professionals: The Existing and Potential Role of Schools of Public Health

Since the early 1980s, increasing attention has been devoted in the literature to the conceptualization, development, and implementation of integrated and comprehensive mental health systems of care for children and adolescents. In establishing this new children's mental health paradigm of community-based systems of care, there are presently very few well-trained professionals and leaders focused on collaborative (including interagency) initiatives in the delivery of children's mental health services. Nevertheless, the field of public health offers an interdisciplinary setting for the education and training of individuals in children's mental health services. This national survey of all 27 accredited schools of public health in the United States and Puerto Rico examined the existing capacity for and potential to expand educational and training opportunities in the organization, financing, and delivery of children's mental health services.     

School-Based Mental Health Programs and Services: Overview and Introduction to the Special Issue

School-based mental health (SBMH) programs and services have grown progressively in the United States in the past two decades, related in part to increased recognition of their advantages and heightened federal support. However, SBMH is an emerging field, with many issues needing attention. This introductory article provides a context for the special issue by highlighting the importance of increased conceptual clarity about SBMH, enhanced mental health—education systems integration, and advancement of the SBMH research base. Key elements for success of SBMH programs and services are discussed, as underscored recently by the report of the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003) and other important initiatives. These elements include (a) school–family–community agency partnerships, (b) commitment to a full continuum of mental health education, mental health promotion, assessment, problem prevention, early intervention, and treatment, and (c) services for all youth, including those in general and special education. A synopsis of the articles in the special issue is provided, emphasizing their conceptual and empirical contributions to delivery and sustainability of effective mental health practices in schools.     

Parent Satisfaction with Case Managed Systems of Care for Children and Youth with Severe Emotional Disturbance

Case management has emerged as an integral component of current efforts to reform the delivery of mental health services to children and youth with Severe Emotional Disturbance (SED). We examined parental satisfaction with one program's case management system for SED children. In order to validly address parental satisfaction, the program first turned to a group of its parents to develop a satisfaction measure, the Family Satisfaction Survey (FSS). Of the 51 parents who returned an FSS, 74% of the parents were generally satisfied while 26% indicated that they were dissatisfied with their families' case management services. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to examine the role played by client, service, and outcome variables in predicting parental satisfaction. After controlling for child diagnoses, severity of impairment, and levels of psychosocial stress, parent satisfaction with case management services was best predicted by the frequency of monthly contact and fewer days is a psychiatric hospital proportional to length of service. Our results suggest that parent satisfaction is based not only on what case managers do but on how this service impacts SED children's ability to remain at home and in their communities.     

学校心理健康教育教师胜任力培养初探

学校中小学心理健康教育的效果与其教师的胜任力有关。心理健康教育教师胜任力特征可以概括为：职业理念与专业意识、职业人格特质、专业知识与技能等。要提高中小学校心理健康教育教师胜任力,应从胜任力特征分析角度出发,设计相关课程与活动传授心理健康知识与技能,并将内隐心理健康教育理念及其人格特质融合于其中。     

农村初中特殊家庭学生心理特征与教育对策研究

本文研究了农村初中特殊家庭学生在学习、人格特征以及心理健康水平方面同正常家庭学生的差异,结果表明特殊家庭学生在这些方面是同正常家庭学生有明显不同的。据此提出开展家庭、学校、社会一体化的心理健康教育的对策来提高农村特殊家庭学生的整体素质。实证结果表明,这些措施能取得一定的效果。     

American Indian Youth: Who Southwestern Urban and Reservation Youth Turn to for Help with Mental Health or Addictions

We illustrate the addictions and mental health service use of American Indian adolescents. Interviews concerning mental health need and service configurations with 401 Southwestern American Indian (AI) youth used questions from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and the Service Assessment for Children and Adolescents (SACA). Seventy-nine percent had mental health or addiction problems, with half meeting criteria for at least one diagnosis. One in 4 youth met criteria for drug dependence'abuse or conduct disorder, 1 in 5 for depression, and 1 in 8 for alcohol dependence'abuse. Most youth were helped by a combination of providers. Youth meeting more diagnostic criteria were increasingly likely to use service configurations with adults, nonspecialist professionals, and specialists, respectively. Regardless of disorder, youth were least likely to use configurations with traditional healers or specialists and there was little difference in rates of use between the two. The lack of services from specialist providers was potentially offset by use of an extensive range of informal adults, nonspecialist professionals, and peers. Since informal helpers, peers, and nonspecialist providers, but not specialists, are providing the bulk of services they must be given support and skills so they can function effectively.     

我国大学生心理健康教育研究的现状与展望

大学生心理健康教育研究已经成为我国心理学研究的一项重要课题。只有对大学生心理健康教育研究的现状有所了解,才能够更好地进行大学生心理健康教育。文章从理论研究和实证研究两方面阐述了当前我国大学生心理健康教育研究的现状,其中理论研究包含了大学生心理健康教育的内容、途径、模式研究;实证研究则包括了大学生心理健康状况的研究、大学生心理健康与自我概念相关的研究以及大学生心理健康教育研究方法的研究。最后展望了我国大学生心理健康教育研究的趋势。     

Children with SED and Their Families in an Urban Public Mental Health System: Characteristics, Needs, and Expectations

We present information with implications for the design of comprehensive systems of care for children with severe emotional disturbance and their families. Combining quantitative data derived from children and caregivers on multiple standardized assessments and qualitative data based on the caregivers' personal comments, we provide a detailed account of child clinical status, service needs, involvement in normative childhood activities, aspects of family coping and functioning, and expectations of mental health services. Research participants were from a random sampling of children, 9 to 11 years of age, receiving an above average number of services from a large urban public mental health system. Results from this comprehensive needs assessment demonstrate the serious nature of the children's disabilities, illuminate the corresponding challenges for families, and provide direction for enhancing the system of care. The caregivers rated recreation and after school programs as their first priority. Since traditional mental health services are fairly well articulated and evolved, we concentrate on using information about child functioning and family context to inform the development of recreation and after school programs that can accommodate children with extremely challenging behaviors.     

Head Start Children at Third Grade: Preliminary Special Education Identification and Placement of Children with Emotional, Learning, and Related Disabilities

Although children in Head Start are at risk for emotional or behavioral problems, little is known about their later need for special education. There is evidence that children at risk for emotional disturbance are underidentified or misidentified in other special education categories. We examined special education identification rates for Head Start children at risk for emotional disturbance, learning disabilities, speech or language impairments, and mental retardation as they complete third grade. Two cohorts of 4136 children across 30 sites were followed as part of a larger study on transition. Diagnosis of each child as being at risk for emotional disturbance or related disabilities was made using clinical cut-offs on teacher ratings and individual testing completed in the spring of third grade. Special education eligibility of these children was determined from school records. Only 31.8% of children considered to be at risk, based on research diagnostic criteria, were actually identified by the schools, and fewer than 6% of children at risk for ED were identified in the school category of ED. Comparisons were made between school-identified and nonidentified children in gender, ethnicity, and school variables; and findings were discussed in relation to underidentification or misidentification of children with emotional disturbance.     

Aetiology of Coexisting Mental Health and Alcohol and Other Drug Disorders: Perspectives of Refugee Youth and Service Providers

In the general population, people with comorbid mental health (MH) and alcohol and other drug (AOD) disorders (comorbidity) have great difficulty accessing appropriate services, and poor outcomes. Little is known about comorbidity in resettled refugees in Australia. This study was designed to identify risk factors and patterns of comorbidity development in young people from refugee backgrounds living in a disadvantaged urban region of Adelaide, South Australia. This qualitative study utilised in‐depth semi‐structured interviews (n = 30) with resettled refugee youth and workers from MH, AOD, and refugee support services. Thematic analyses were conducted to investigate the aetiology of MH and AOD disorders in young refugees. Interviews with both groups revealed how the interrelated nature of risk factors may place young people from refugee backgrounds at heightened risk of experiencing MH and AOD problems. The situations and conditions described by both groups are discussed under six main themes: pre‐migration experiences of torture and trauma; familial factors of intergenerational conflict; post‐migration adjustment difficulties in terms of language, culture, education, and employment; exposure to and availability of substances; maladaptive coping strategies and self‐medication; and access to information and services. Implications for psychologists and MH professionals are identified, emphasising the need for clinicians to understand the complexities surrounding the aetiology of comorbidity in these youth. The initial assessment needs to be comprehensive, including pre‐ and post‐settlement experiences and cultural and family dimensions of their current situation. Treatment may often need to simultaneously address multiple contributing factors and involve culturally sensitive psycho‐education.     

我国中小学生心理健康服务方法现状调查

采用自编问卷对来自重庆、甘肃、辽宁、福建、湖北以及西藏的661名被试进行调查.结果发现我国中小学心理健康课教学以讲授法运用最多,中小学生心理咨询与治疗服务方法以行为疗法使用最多,使用最多的心理测验是心理健康综合测验和人格测验;各个地区发展存在不均衡的状况,其中辽宁、福建专业水平较高,西藏、甘肃则相对比较落后.     

Mental Health among Youth in South Australia: A Survey of Flourishing,Languishing, Struggling,and Floundering

The Complete State Model of Mental Health was used to describe the prevalence of flourishing, languishing, struggling, and floundering in life in a sample of young South Australians (n = 3,913; 13–17 years, 52% female). Categorisation was based on the relative proportion of mental health and mental illness symptoms reported on standardised measures and the association of these categories to health‐risk behaviour. Variability in categories and health‐risk behaviour due to gender or region was investigated. Results indicated that a disturbingly small proportion of adolescents (<50%) were flourishing in life, that poorer states of mental health were associated with increased health‐risk behaviour, and that the propensity to engage in health‐risk behaviour did vary by gender and region. The current study extends the platform from which positively focused mental health strategies can be tailored and launched to meet the mental health needs of adolescents.     

The Intensive Mental Health Program: Development and Structure of the Model of Intervention for Children with Serious Emotional Disturbances

In order to meet the challenging needs and behaviors of children with Serious Emotional Disorders (SED), a school and community based Intensive Mental Health Program (IMHP) was developed and evaluated. We describe the conceptual framework, treatment principles, and model for service delivery for psychological and educational interventions under the umbrella of the IMHP. The program illustrates a model of comprehensive services for children with SED.     

轻度智障学生心理健康教育干预的形式与方法

轻度智障学生具有学习焦虑、孤独感、好责备自己、缺乏主动性和积极性等心理健康方面的问题。产生这些问题的原因有个体因素、父母教养因素和学校教育因素等。针对这些问题,教育者使用多种辅导形式和方法进行干预,使轻度智障学生的心理健康水平得以提高与改善。本文最后提出了在进行教育干预时需注意的一些问题,为学校开展该方面工作提供参考。     

The Health and Social Service Needs of Transgender People in Philadelphia

SUMMARY

Two Philadelphia-based HIV service organizations and a local university collaborated on a study of health and social service needs of transgender people. Transgender people were the primary resource for the development of the needs assessment survey. In this article, the survey development process, including two discussion groups and two focus groups, are described. Findings on barriers to care, violence, perception of public safety and comfort, suicide and health and social service needs are presented. Total sample size was 81, with 49 male-to-female and 32 female-to-male transgender individuals. Most (68%) were African American. About half of the respondents had thought about attempting suicide. High levels of violence were reported, especially among male-to-females. Health and social service needs included job training/work, dental care, health care, legal services, transportation, education and housing.     

中小学生家庭管教状况与心理健康、学业成就的相关研究

主要探讨中小学生家庭管教状况与心理健康水平、学业成就的关系。从珠海市有代表 性的中小学校随机选取学生487人,其中小学生96人,中学生391人,分别测定其家庭管教状况、心 理健康状况与学业成绩,然后对这三者的关系进行分析。结果表明,非正常的家庭管教方式对学生 心理健康有显著的负面影响,其中严格型、矛盾型、积极拒绝型与消极拒绝型对中小学生心理健康负 面影响较为严重;中小学生家庭管教状况、心理健康水平对其学业成就的影响程度不同。