哲学终结了吗？

一、关于大学哲学 霍希克佩尔:雅斯贝尔斯教授先生,我很高兴,我能够就“哲学终结了吗?”这一题目向您提出几个问题。但是,许多事实甚至哲学家本人的言论也似乎暗示了这一题目。关于这一主题,现在我可以依次从不同角度向您提出每个特殊问题吗?首先,应当把在高等学校的哲学之衰退的意义仅仅视为表面的和暂时的现象吗?     

库恩的思想与对学人、学科、学问的认识

作为一个技术科技工作者和必须面对实际的工程师,我对于哲学的理论体系了解甚少,更不用说哲学研究了。好在哲学是有脑无脑的人都要想的事,特别是在20多年的科研工作之后,不得不想一下自己和同仁们到底是在做什么。因此,也就不得不涉及科学的哲学问题,而对许多科技工作者来说,库恩其人其思想,往往是他们了解科学哲学的第一和最后一站。 像许多人一样,我第一次接触库恩的思想,是通过《科学革命的结构》[1],这是我硕士答辩后读过的第一本书。库恩所揭示的学人的作用,范例的转移,再加上格式塔心理学的影响,使科学研究不再是理想中科学家探索真理的纯净过程,似乎成了一部大     

技术哲学是否诞生?

布莱克维尔(Blackwell)技术哲学论文集《技术哲学:技术状况》(2003)对该分支学科在当代所扮演的角色有关键作用,借此出版机会,本文评论其当前发展状况.科学哲学和技术哲学都是20世纪的产物,但它们分别继承了有点差异的一组哲学传统,有时探寻不同的问题.本文分析技术哲学近年来的基本发展状况,重点强调可能也使科学哲学家非常感兴趣的问题,其中有认识论问题,还有环境问题和文化问题.参考文献包括该领域近年来出版的大约50部著作.     

中医概念分析

中医是随着西医传入创立的新概念,是对中国传统汉族医学的简称,代表着中国古代文化发展的水平,蕴涵着大量的医学经验,在文化和科学研究范式方面与现代医学有明显区别。     

在西方医药审判中的一个亮点--科学哲学

科学证据不仅在司法审判中起着极其重要的作用,而且在科研成果的评价中也是不可取代的,但是在审判和科研成果评估中,对“科学是什么”这样一个更深层次的问题－科学哲学问题,历来没有得到应有的重视,通过美国止吐药本涤汀前后历时20年的审判历程,突出科学哲学在医药审判实践中的地位。     

查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士：物理学家而非哲学家

所有皮尔士的研究者们都应注意到:皮尔士对于哲学本性的理解在今天很不常用.皮尔士首先是一位科学家,其次是一位物理学家,再次才是一位对于哲学感兴趣的物理学家.从根本上说,他的哲学就是科学逻辑.哲学被他视为一种严重依赖于科学的努力,另一方面他对于哲学的理解就是概括意义上的科学.从历史上澄清这一点,对于正确把握和深刻理解皮尔士的相关思想,具有至关重要的意义.皮尔士对于科学本性及哲学与科学关系的论述,对于当代哲学研究也不无启示作用.     

英国哲学研究现状及其简要分析

[作者说明]2007年我受国家留学基金委的资助,到英国进行为期半年的学术访问,走访了英国的几所主要大学哲学系,采访了许多英国著名哲学家,查阅了大量英国哲学最新研究资料,参加了在英国召开的各种国际学术研讨会,对英国哲学的研究现状有了进一步的了解。根据我所了解的情况,我对英国哲学的研究现状做出如下简要分析,供参考。     

关于另类科学哲学的思考

A prominent phenomenon in contemporary philosophy of science has been the unexpected rise of alternative philosophers of science. This article analyses in depth such alternative philosophers of science as Paul Feyerabend, Richard Rorty, and Michel Foucault, summarizing the similarities and differences between alternative philosophies of science and traditional philosophy of science so as to unveil the trends in contemporary philosophy of science. With its different principles and foundation, alternative philosophy of science has made breakthroughs in terms of its field of vision, scope, and methodology, and its relationship with science has become more humanistic and pluralistic. Attention should be given to alternative perspectives in the contemporary philosophy of science, and research should be expanded into the fields of the epistemology of science and cognitive science, the sociology of scientific knowledge and scientific anthropology, the scientific cultural philosophy, and scientific ethics.     

马克思主义与旧哲学的终结

马克思主义在哲学史上的独特位置就在于它使哲学进入终结状态.这是因为马克思从彻底的唯物主义出发确立了实证的历史科学,揭穿了哲学思维的唯心主义秘密,探明了产生哲学思维的现实基础以及消除哲学的正确途径.从此,一切哲学的构造都面临着实证科学的还原、消解和代替.在马克思看来,哲学的终结给人们留下了对现实世界进行科学研究的艰巨任务,因为只有科学才能使人真正面对现实世界并在这个现实世界中求得进步和发展.     

皮尔士思想研究

主持人的话:查尔斯·S.皮尔士(1839—1914)的一生及其成就备受争议和瞩目,主要的原因是他的学说的广泛性和原创性。当前哲学研究许多领域的工作都可以追溯到皮尔士,譬如现代逻辑、符号学、指号学、可能世界语义学、科学哲学、数学哲学、语言哲学以及心灵哲学等等。此外,他对形而上学的贡献也被当代哲学家视为无尽的宝藏。如果把他和分析哲学的奠基者弗雷格做一比较,那么可以借用这样一个隐喻:皮尔士是一只狐狸,而弗雷格是刺猬。“狐狸知晓许多事情,而刺猬知晓一件大事。”计划30卷的编年体《皮尔士文集》从1982年开始到现在才出版6卷就足以…     

A philosophical reflection on the epistemology and methodology of indigenous psychologies

In order to answer the three crucial questions (why, what and how) about the development of indigenous psychology, three levels of breakthrough need to be made, namely, philosophical reflection, theoretical construction and empirical research. The controversial issues that have occurred in the earlier development of indigenous psychology are analyzed in terms of the switch in Western philosophy of science from positivism to post-positivism. Based on this analysis, it is argued that indigenous psychologists should construct formal theories illustrating the functioning of the human mind that may be applicable to various cultures, and then use these theories to study the particular mentalities of people in a given culture with the scientific methods of empirical research.     

An abductive theory of scientific method

A broad theory of scientific method is sketched that has particular relevance for the behavioral sciences. This theory of method assembles a complex of specific strategies and methods that are used in the detection of empirical phenomena and the subsequent construction of explanatory theories. A characterization of the nature of phenomena is given, and the process of their detection is briefly described in terms of a multistage model of data analysis. The construction of explanatory theories is shown to involve their generation through abductive, or explanatory, reasoning, their development through analogical modeling, and their fuller appraisal in terms of judgments of the best of competing explanations. The nature and limits of this theory of method are discussed in the light of relevant developments in scientific methodology.     

SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS

Statistical significance is not part of the scientific method. The three canons of reproducibility of an experiment: Data Matrix Homegeneity, Subject Generalizability, and Method Generalizability provide better guides to experimentation and theory development. As adjuncts to Scientific Method they provide a better basis for evaluation of statistical findings.     

妊娠期急性脂肪肝诊治中的科学思维应用

现代科学思维方法中系统思维及模糊思维方法具有普遍适用意义。妊娠期急性脂肪肝临床上极为罕见,并发症多,病死率极高,1例并发腹部卒中的妊娠期急性脂肪肝患者通过科学诊疗转危为安,及时终止妊娠、对症处理、多学科协作联合治疗,积极预防并发症是确保救治成功的关键。本文尝试介绍科学思维方法在该病诊疗中的一些体会。     

Grounded Theory in Genetic Counseling Research: An Interpretive Perspective

As qualitative inquiry has gained wider acceptance in genetic counseling research, it has become increasingly important for researchers and those who evaluate their work to recognize the diversity of methods that fall under this broad umbrella. Some of these methods adhere to the traditional conventions of scientific research (e.g., objectivity, reliability, validity, replicability, causality and generalizability). When such studies are evaluated by reviewers who are well versed in scientific methods, the rigor of the study may be readily apparent. However, when researchers are using methods that do not conform to traditional scientific conventions, the distinction between well conducted and poorly conducted studies may become more difficult to discern. This article focuses on grounded theory because it is a widely used qualitative method. We highlight key components of this method in order to contrast conventions that fall within a scientific paradigm to those that fall within an interpretivist paradigm. The intent is to illustrate how the conventions within these two different paradigms yield different types of knowledge claims—both of which can advance genetic counseling theory and practice.     

Strains in experimental social psychology: a textual anaylsis of the development of experimentation in social psychology

A textual analysis of post-World War II social psychology methodology manuals and handbook chapters on "methods" indicates that the introduction of the experimental method was enforced and gradually strengthened through the use of scientific rhetoric and the minimization of alternative research strategies. As a consequence, by the 1960s experimentation had become such an established identifying feature of psychological social psychology that the acceptability of ideas in the field came to depend largely on the ability of authors to couch them in the language of the experiment. Text writers continually shored up the defenses of scientific legitimacy and denigrated all other types of argument. We explore three sources of tension or strains evident as contradictions in these texts: (1) between a rational experimenter's carefully following prescribed, logic-generated scientific practices and the investigator's artfully or intuitively designing research; (2) between social psychologists' missionary activities of proselytizing the experiment as the primary research method and social psychologists' apologies and insecurities expressed about using experiments; and (3) between the treatment of participants as docile and submissive versus portraying them as underhanded and damaging to the outcome of the research. In addition, we briefly reexamine the strain (4) between sober scientific experimentation and a playful "fun and games" approach to experimentation (Lubek & Stam, 1995).     

Alasdair MacIntyre's Analysis of Tradition

I argue that, in analysing the structure and development of moral traditions, MacIntyre relies primarily on Kuhn's model of scientific tradition, rather than (as is held by at least two influential commentators) on Lakatos' model. I unpack three foci of Kuhn's conception of the sciences, namely: the ‘crisis’ conception of scientific development, what I call the ‘systematic conception’ of scientific paradigms, and the view that successive paradigms are incommensurable. I then show that these three foci are integrated into MacIntyre's account of the development of moral traditions with a surprising degree of faithfulness to Kuhn. And crucially, I argue against the overall cogency of his account, given the disparities I pinpoint between scientific and moral traditions. My overall critique is, however, fundamentally friendly, since nothing I have to say invalidates the very notion of a moral tradition, and all I am calling for are less problematic construals of that notion.     

Epistemological Development and Judgments and Reasoning About Teaching Methods

Children's, adolescents’, and adults’ (N = 96 7–8, 10–11, and 13–14-year-olds and university students) epistemological development and its relation to judgments and reasoning about teaching methods was examined. The domain (scientific or moral), nature of the topic (controversial or noncontroversial), and teaching method (direct instruction by lectures versus class discussions) were systematically varied. Epistemological development was assessed in the aesthetics, values, and physical truth domains. All participants took the domain, nature of the topic, and teaching method into consideration in ways that showed age-related variations. Epistemological development in the value domain alone was predictive of preferences for class discussions and a critical perspective on teacher-centered direct instruction, even when age was controlled in the analysis.     

科学思维的应用与心内重症的诊治

现代科学思维方法中,最具普遍适用意义、最重要的是系统思维方法、模糊思维方法等.介绍尝试将系统思维方法和模糊思维方法在心脏内科重症监护病房常见病诊治中应用的一些体会.