分析概念间的关系应注意语言环境——对一道逻辑题答案的异议

上海市高等教育自学考试用书《形式逻辑》(修订本)概念一章有一类练习题,是要求读者指出若干句子中标有横线的概念之间具有什么关系,并用图形表示之。其中有一句是这样的: 鲁迅是伟大的文学家,伟大的思想家和伟大的革命家。(见该书第48页) 和该书配套的《<形式逻辑>辅导》的“参考答案”一是: “伟大的文学家”、“伟大的思想家”、“伟大的革命家”三个概念     

犯罪心理结构是科学的概念——与武伯欣同志商榭

《心理学动态》1987年第4期,发表了武伯欣同志对罗大华等编著的《犯罪心理学》一书的不同看法(以下简称“武文”)。主要是认为该书所使用的概念缺乏科学性,存在着“堆砌概念、概念不明确和主观臆造或随意使用概念等缺陷”,并且引用潘菽教授为该书作序指出的三点不足佐证。我作为该书作者和统稿人之一,觉得有必要借贵刊几页篇幅与武伯欣同志商榷。“武文”涉及的问题很多,限于篇幅,着重谈对本书的总体估价和“犯罪心理结构”的科学性问题。     

直觉思维与灵感之异同刍见

什么是直觉思维,什么是灵感?直觉思维与灵感是不是同一心理现象?如果不是,它们又有什么区别,什么联系?对于这个问题,看来心理学界有不同的意见。一种意见倾向于认为,二者是同一个东西。如苏联心理学家A·H·鲁克在其所著《创造心理学概论》的第八章《直觉和创造》中,主要谈直觉与创造的关系,使用了“直觉猜测”、“直觉推理”等概念,也有几处出现“灵感”,“顿悟”等词,显然是把直觉思维与灵感作为同一现象来对待。(见该书113～120页,黑龙江人民出版社1985年5月第1版)。     

“电话”“蜜月”不是外来词——自学考试教材《语言学概论》中的问题商榷

全国自学考试教材《语言学概论》(语文出版社1992年7月第1版)总的说是一部比较好的教材。但其中也存在一些问题,比如对于意译词、仿译词的性质归属,就是问题之一。 该书在“词汇”一章讲外来词时第一次涉及意译词、仿译词。教材指出:“外来词是指从其他民族的语言中吸收过来的词,又称为‘借词’。”并按照吸收的方式把外来词归纳为音译型、音译兼意译型、意译型、直译型四种类型。意译型的例子有从英语的“telephone”译成汉语的“电话”,直译型的例子有从英语的“honeymoon”译成汉语的“蜜月”(详见教材92页)。从此处的讲法看,教材肯定了意译词、仿译词是外来词。 该书在“语言的发展”中第二次涉及意译词、仿译词。教材指出;“借词也叫外来词。语音形式和语义内     

杨献珍同志给本刊编辑部的两封信

《哲学研究》编辑部: 贵刊1978年1～2期合刊有吴江的《哲学上两条战线的斗争》一文。在该期第45页上说杨献珍讲哲学根本问题时,“当涉及到哲学基本问题的第二方面的时候,多数话就不能听了,不仅不能听,还要批判。比如他讲,思维和存在没有同一性”;又在同页上说我提出“综合基础论”认为五种经济成分是     

《星云模式的人间佛教》出版

由满义法师所著的《星云模式的人间佛教》由台北市天下远见出版股份有限公司于2005年8月出版。该书由“前言”、“结语”和主体部分四章构成。“第一章阐扬妙谛:说法的语言不同”,“第二章弘法利生:弘化的方式不同”,“第三章慈心悲愿:为教的愿心不同”,“第四章人间净土:证悟的目标不同”。该书作者以清新、简洁的笔墨对将“人间佛教”与“佛教现代化”融为一体的“星云模式”进行深入的阐述,相信对相关人士会有一定的助益。《星云模式的人间佛教》出版     

马克思主义伦理学

新托马斯主义主要代表人物马利坦最近倾向于研究道德哲学。1960年出版了他的《道德哲学》。他说,这一卷仅仅是对历代各哲学流派的道德学说的一般性论述,而真正的研究将留在第二卷。第一卷共588页,十五章。本书谈到苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德、斯多噶、伊璧鸠鲁、康德、黑格尔、马克思、孔德、克尔凯郭尔、萨特尔、社威和柏格森等人的道德学说。本文译自该书第十章《辩证唯物主义》第四部分“马克思主义伦理学”第十二到第十四节。他对马克思主义伦理学进行了种种歪曲与伪造。     

粗制滥造,贻误读者——评《哲学小百科》“中国哲学史部分”

读了丁民、国庆二同志这篇学术批评的来稿,使我们震动很大。当我们对文中所举例证同该书进行核对时,却发现有几处不符。经与作者联系,始知该书有两种不同的本子。虽然版权页上的版次、出版年月、页码完全相同,但有些地方文字内容却正、误互见。以第253页为例,我们手中的本子上《甲骨文》的书引号、“墨子”和“墨家的‘非命’”都删去了,但“一神教”却变成了“一精教”;“宗祖神”却误为“宗组神”。这就更使我们迷惑不解了:明明同版、同次印刷,为什么会出现两种不同的本子呢?遍查全书,不见有前言、后语说明,让读者究竟相信哪一本呢?     

有益的尝试——评《精神文化系统中的人》

苏联学者В.П.安德鲁先科写的《精神文化系统中的人》,于1984年由苏联基辅国立大学出版社出版,是苏联学术界第一本研究这个问题的专著。该书经笔者译出,已由华东师范大学出版社出版。全书分五章,第一章,研究人和文化相互关系的方法论问题;第二章,社会主义精神文化系统的结构与功能;第三章,社会主义精神文化是造就新人的因素;第四章,在当前的社会主义条件下精神文化和个性协调发展的若干基本方面;第五章,巩固社会主义生活方式的精神基础和当代的意识形态斗争。     

以实践思维方式重释列宁的物质定义及其意义

一列宁在1908年写的《唯物主义和经验批判主义》一书中,先后给作为哲学范畴的物质下过两个定义,他在第二章和第五章分别指出:“物质是标志客观实在的哲学范畴,这种客观实在是人通过感觉感知的,它不依赖于我们的感觉而存在,为我们的感觉所复写、摄影、反映。”“物质这个概念,正如我们已经讲过的,在认识论上指的只是不依赖于人的意识而存在并且为人的意识所反映的客观实在。”(《列宁选集》第2卷,第89、192页)在20世纪80年代至90年代,我国学者曾就列宁的两个物质定义进行过热烈的讨论甚至争鸣。我和吴晓东也曾撰文,运用普通逻辑和辩证逻辑对…     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.