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Identification of creativity: the individual 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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J P Rushton D W Fulker M C Neale D K Nias H J Eysenck 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1986,50(6):1192-1198
Five questionnaires measuring altruistic and aggressive tendencies were completed by 573 adult twin pairs of both sexes from the University of London Institute of Psychiatry Volunteer Twin Register. The questionnaires measured altruism, empathy, nurturance, aggressiveness, and assertiveness. The intraclass correlations for the five scales, respectively, were .53, .54, .49, .40, and .52 for 296 monozygotic pairs, and .25, .20, .14, .04, and .20 for 179 same-sex dizygotic pairs, resulting in broad heritability estimates of 56%, 68%, 70%, 72%, and 64%. Additional analyses, using maximum-likelihood model-fitting, revealed approximately 50% of the variance on each scale to be associated with genetic effects, virtually 0% with the twins' common environment, and the remaining 50% with each twins' specific environment and/or error associated with the test. Correcting for the unreliability in the tests raised the maximum-likelihood heritabilities to approximately 60%. Age and sex differences were also found: altruism increased over the age span from 19 to 60, whereas aggressiveness decreased, and, at each age, women had higher scores than men on altruism and lower scores on aggressiveness. 相似文献
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Caughy MO Brodsky AE O'Campo PJ Aronson R 《American journal of community psychology》2001,29(5):679-699
Neighborhood norms are an important determinant of beliefs and attitudes about parenting, and measuring changes in community norms is an important component of evaluating community-based programs for improving child outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a survey of community residents' perceptions of parenting could be used to measure community parenting norms and whether these perceptions differed by individual or community characteristics. Two community surveys with 870 and 914 respondents, respectively, were conducted in 3 low-income neighborhoods. Results indicated that perceptions of parenting could be measured reliably at the community level although it is important to consider the presence of multiple norms when using such measures. Furthermore, differences in perceptions of parenting associated with individual characteristics were markedly decreased when neighborhood characteristics were considered, suggesting that the association of individual characteristics with perceptions of parenting is confounded by neighborhood characteristics. 相似文献
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An a priori test of the difference engine model (Myerson, Hale, Zheng, Jenkins, & Widaman, 2003) was conducted using a large,
diverse sample of individuals who performed three speeded verbal tasks and three speeded visuospatial tasks. Results demonstrated
that, as predicted by the model, the group standard deviation (SD) on any task was proportional to the amount of processing
required by that task. Both individual performances as well as those of fast and slow subgroups could be accurately predicted
by the model using no free parameters, just an individual or subgroup’s mean z-score and the values of theoretical constructs
estimated from fits to the group SDs. Taken together, these results are consistent with post hoc analyses reported by Myerson
et al. and provide even stronger supporting evidence. In particular, the ability to make quantitative predictions without
using any free parameters provides the clearest demonstration to date of the power of an analytic approach on the basis of
the difference engine. 相似文献
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The present study estimated the unique contribution of self-efficacy to work-related performance controlling for personality (the Big 5 traits), intelligence or general mental ability, and job or task experience. Results, based on a meta-analysis of the relevant literatures, revealed that overall, across all studies and moderator conditions, the contribution of self-efficacy relative to purportedly more distal variables is relatively small. Within moderator categories, there were several cases in which self-efficacy made unique contributions to work-related performance. For example, self-efficacy predicted performance in jobs or tasks of low complexity but not those of medium or high complexity, and self-efficacy predicted performance for task but not job performance. Overall, results suggest that the predictive validity of self-efficacy is attenuated in the presence of individual differences, though this attenuation does depend on the context. 相似文献
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S H Lipsius 《International journal of group psychotherapy》1991,41(3):313-327
The development of combined individual and group psychotherapy is split between the "separationists" and the "integrationists" with regard to therapists' handling of the interface between the individual and group sessions. To bridge the impasse, a high-benefit--low-risk series of guidelines is offered for therapists that includes techniques for analyzing patients' "cross-references" to the other component modality. The four guidelines provide for a harmonious balance that preserves the confidentiality of the individual sessions vis-à-vis the group, while enhancing the group interaction rather than draining it. The therapist guidelines maximize patient initiative in integrating parts of the self expressed in the individual and group sessions, while employing the least intrusive methods necessary to best integrate the processes into a unified combined modality. 相似文献
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Michael H. Mitias 《Studies in East European Thought》1972,12(3):245-254
In both Marx and Schaff, Marxism does not provide an adequate interpretation of the individual. The main reason for this is that there is no satisfactory analysis of autonomy. 相似文献
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Based on D. Trafimow, H. C. Triandis, and S. Goto's (1991) research on the distinction between the private, collective, and relational selves, the present authors explored the valence of each self. The authors administered to participants either a private self-prime, a collective self-prime, or a relational self-prime and then asked them to write 20 self-statements. The authors coded the statements for valence (positive, neutral, or negative) and self-statement type (individual, collective, or relational). The results indicated that the valence of individual self-statements were most positive when the collective self or the relational self was primed, indicating the possibility that positive illusions were exaggerated most in the context of other people. 相似文献
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Six hundred Israeli students responded to a questionnaire dealing with five motives for participating in vandalism: anger/frustration, boredom, erosion, aesthetics, and catharsis (Cohen, 1984). As we did not find a coherent pattern, we created a variable comprising all five motives: general motivation. Four factors accounted for motivation to participate in destructive behavior: perceived level of vandalism at school, attitude toward school, attitude toward teacher, and school anxiety. Punishment, father's level of education, sense of hope, and class level did not have an effect on motivation to participate in vandalism. It was concluded that the social context is a crucial element in school vandalism. 相似文献
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Diane M. McKnight 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(1):97-113
Formalizing shared ethical standards is an activity of scientific societies designed to achieve a collective goal of promoting
ethical conduct. A scientist who is faced with the choice of becoming a “whistleblower” by exposing misconduct does so in
the context of these ethical standards. Examination of ethics policies of scientific societies which are members of the Council
of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP) shows a breadth of purpose and scope in these policies. Among the CSSP member societies,
some ethics policies chiefly present the ethical culture of the community in an educational context and do not have enforcement
procedures. Other policies are more comprehensive and include standards for certification, procedures for addressing ethical
issues, and established sanctions. Of the 36 member societies of CSSP that have developed a code or adopted a code of another
professional society, 18 specifically identified a responsibility to expose ethical misconduct, demonstrating an acknowledgment
of the possible critical role of the whistleblower in addressing ethical issues. Scientific societies may revise their ethics
codes based upon experience gained in addressing cases of ethical misconduct.
In most cases, the action of a whistleblower is the initial step in addressing an ethics violation; the whistleblower may
either be in the position of an observer or a victim, such as in the case of someone who discovers that his or her own work
has been plagiarized. The ethics committee of a scientific society is one of several possible outlets through which the whistleblower
can voice a complaint or concern. Ethical violations can include falsification, fabrication, plagiarism and other authorship
disputes, conflict of interest and other serious violations. Commonly, some of these violations may involve publication in
the scientific literature. Thus addressing ethical issues may be intertwined with a scientific society’s role in the dissemination
of new scientific results. For a journal published by a scientific society, the editor can refer at some point to the ethics
committee of the society. Whereas, in the case of a journal published by a commercial publisher, the editor may be without
direct support of the associated scientific community in handling the case. The association of a journal with a scientific
society may thus direct a whistleblower towards addressing the issue within the scientific community rather than involving
the press or talking to colleagues who may gossip. A formal procedure for handling ethics cases may also discourage false
accusers. Another advantage of handling complaints through ethics committees is that decisions to contact home institutions
or funding agencies can be made by the ethics committee and are not the responsibility of the whistleblower or the editor
of the journal. The general assessment is that the establishment of ethics policies, especially policies covering publication
in society journals, will promote a culture supportive of whistleblowers and discouraging to false accusers.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t: What the
Scientific Community Can Do About Whistleblowing” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Seattle, Washington, 15 February, 1997. 相似文献
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Ivana Markov Eleanor Moodie Robert M. Farr Ewa Drozda-Senkowska Ferenc Ers Jana Plichtov Marie-Claude Gervais Jana Hoffmannov Olga Mullerov 《European journal of social psychology》1998,28(5):797-829
Social representations of the individual are examined in three post-Communist Central European nations, i.e. the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, and in three West European nations, i.e. Scotland, England and France. All six nations share a common European history since the Renaissance and Humanism, based on such values as freedom, agency, individual rights and individual responsibility. Many of these values were rejected by the Communist regimes in which people lived for 40 years. Extreme forms of individualism developed in certain West European nations during the same period. In view of these historical events we have asked the following questions: Do people in the post-Communist countries of Central Europe, after 40 years of totalitarian collectivism, still adhere to the values of the common European heritage? What is the meaning of ‘the individual’ today, in Western democracies and in Central European post-Communist nations? Which issues are important for the well-being of the individual and how do they relate to the political and economic circumstances of those individuals? The results show that the values of the common European heritage in Central Europe have not been destroyed and that factors relating to the well-being of the individual differ between the two parts of Europe. These data are discussed in terms of the political and economic situations in Central and Western Europe, the relationship between language and social representations and the structure of social representations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Freedom of the Individual Stuart Hampshire New York, Harper & Row, 1965 pp. 112, $3.95 相似文献
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The present investigation aims to identify individual strengths that may benefit efforts toward marital enhancement. Ninety‐two married couples from the Southeastern United States completed questionnaires measuring positive affectivity, optimism, coping skills, personal expansion, and marital satisfaction. Results indicate that perceptions of a spouse's positive affectivity, as well as one's own positive affectivity, are related to relationship satisfaction. In addition, positive affectivity contributed to satisfaction above and beyond negative affectivity. Finally, optimism, coping skills, and personal expansion appear to be important resources for marriage via their association with each partner's affectivity. The discussion considers these results in the context of marital enhancement and relationship flourishing. 相似文献
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This paper explores an internal relation between wrong-doing and the ability to think in moral terms, through Hobbes’ thought.
I use his neglected retelling of our ‘original sin’ as a springboard, seeing how we then discover a need to vindicate our
own projects in terms shared by others. We become normatively demanding creatures: greedy for normative vindication, eager to judge others amid the difficulties of our world. However there is, of course,
no choice for us but to choose our own principles of judgment, or at least some authority to provide these. Unconvinced by
Hobbes’ remedies, I conclude with one implication for moral philosophy@ a need to look rather differently at agency and responsibility.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献