语音意识的不同成分在汉语儿童英语阅读学习中的作用

研究一测查了74名小学三、五年级儿童辨别、删除汉语和英语音节、首音-韵脚、音位等不同语音成分的能力以及英语单词阅读,考察语音意识不同成分与英语阅读学习的关系及母语语音意识的作用途径.研究二测查了83名英语阅读较差和73名英语阅读一般及以上儿童的英语语音删除和单词认读能力,考察阅读水平对于语音意识作用的调节效应.结果表明:(1)英语首音-韵脚意识对英语阅读具有显著的独立贡献;(2)汉语首音-韵脚意识和声调意识分别对英语单词认读和假词拼读具有显著的独立贡献,二者通过英语首音-韵脚意识的中介发挥作用;(3)阅读水平具有显著的调节作用.首音-韵脚意识是正常儿童阅读的有效预测变量,而音节意识是低水平儿童阅读的有效预测变量.上述结果与有关语音意识各成分在英语为母语儿童阅读学习中作用的研究结果不同,提示第二语言的学习具有特殊性,母语经验影响着个体第二语言学习的过程.     

3-12岁儿童对汉语声、韵、调的意识与早期阅读的关系:基于元分析的证据

众多实证研究指出英语语音意识是鉴别儿童早期阅读能力(字词解码)的重要指标,然而跨语言研究对语音意识在阅读发展中的普适功能提出了质疑。从上世纪90年代至今,汉语语音意识在儿童早期阅读发展中的角色依然是个有争议的议题,因此本文采用元分析范式整合过往实证文献,并从测试任务的语音要素(音调、音节、声韵、音素)与操纵范式(检、删、隔、合等)解释导致语音意识与汉语字词阅读关系不一致的原因。本文共筛选出发表于1995年至2015年的59篇研究,提取了94个独立样本12514人,涵盖3-12岁不同年龄阶段的儿童。结果显示:(1)语音意识与汉语字词阅读呈现了显著的中度相关,且不因被试年龄和字词阅读任务类型而改变;(2)检、删两种范式下的语音意识的预测效应量远大于隔音和合音范式;(3)汉语语音意识的语音要素是一个重要的调节变量,音调辨析的预测效应量最大,其次是音节、声韵和音素,呈现了随语音单位变小而效应量变小的趋势,一定程度上亦验证了心理语言纹理假说的预期。     

学前儿童英语语音意识、字母知识及口语词汇之间关系的研究

本研究以北京市两所普通幼儿园3~6岁共122名儿童为被试,运用测验法对英语语音意识、字母知识、口语词汇之间的关系进行了考察。结果发现,汉语学前儿童的英语语音意识和字母知识、语音意识和口语词汇、以及字母知识和口语词汇之间都具有显著的相关关系;英语口语词汇对语音意识和字母知识具有显著的预测作用,字母知识和英语语音意识对于英语口语词汇具有显著的预测作用。     

语素意识在儿童汉语阅读中的作用

文章考察了语音意识、语素意识和命名速度在儿童汉语阅读中的作用。结果发现：语素意识和命名速度对汉字命名组词具有显著的预测作用;而语素意识和语音意识对同音字识别具有显著的预测作用。语素意识是唯一显著预测两种不同阅读任务的认知变量。对阅读障碍儿童所存在的缺陷进行分析,结果发现：76%的阅读障碍存在语素缺陷;相比之下,分别有43%和41%的阅读障碍存在语音缺陷和命名速度缺陷。结果表明汉语的语素意识在儿童阅读中具有重要作用,语素缺陷有可能成为儿童汉语阅读困难的主要原因。     

汉、英工作记忆的加工和储存对中学生英语阅读理解的影响

本研究采用"视空间和言语交替"任务范式分离言语工作记忆的加工和储存两个成分,分别探讨了英语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对我国中学生英语阅读理解的作用及其途径,以及汉语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对中学生英语阅读理解是否具有跨语言影响。98名初中二年级学生完成了一般认知能力、英语阅读理解、汉语和英语工作记忆任务。结果表明:(1)英语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对英语阅读理解均有显著的独立预测作用;(2)英语工作记忆的储存成分对英语阅读理解的作用部分是由加工成分引起的;(3)汉语工作记忆的加工成分对英语阅读理解没有显著的直接预测作用,但却以英语工作记忆的加工成分为中介间接作用于英语阅读理解;汉语工作记忆的储存成分对英语阅读理解没有显著的预测作用。可见,言语工作记忆是一个多成分系统,加工和储存两个成分是相对分离的,并且它们具有不同的跨语言特性,加工存在跨语言一般性,而储存则具有语言特异性。     

汉语儿童英语口语词汇与阅读学习的关系

以120名四、五年级小学儿童为被试,探讨汉语儿童英语口语词汇与阅读学习的关系,并检验了英语语音意识在其中的中介作用。结果表明:(1)汉语儿童的英语口语词汇与阅读学习之间存在密切关系。控制一般认知能力和母语口语词汇的影响后,英语口语词汇对阅读学习仍具有显著的预测作用。其中,英语口语词汇产生对于英语单词认读的预测作用更重要,英语口语词汇理解则对英语单词理解的预测作用更重要。(2)英语口语词汇产生既可以直接作用于英语单词认读、理解和假词拼读,也部分通过英语语音意识的中介间接作用于英语阅读;英语口语词汇理解对英语单词理解也具有直接作用,并部分地通过英语语音意识的中介发挥间接作用     

PASS认知加工对汉语阅读的影响——语音加工和正字法加工的中介机制

PASS认知加工能有效解释阅读的内在加工机制。本研究以CAS认知评估系统和改编的言语认知测验为工具,选取178名3-5年级儿童,通过多层回归分析探讨语音加工、正字法加工、PASS认知加工与汉语阅读之间的关系。结果发现,PASS认知加工对汉语阅读的预测作用不尽相同。继时性加工对语音加工具有独特的预测作用,同时性加工对正字法加工具有独立的贡献。继时性加工能够超越语音加工的影响,预测汉语阅读流畅性和词汇阅读的独特变异。同时性加工能够超越正字法加工和语音加工的影响,预测词汇阅读的独特变异。研究结果为以后不同年级儿童阅读能力的提升提供了理论基础。     

英语学习不良儿童语音能力与阅读理解的关系

探讨了英语学习不良儿童语音能力的发展状况,分析了这些儿童在英语学习中语音能力,句法意识及阅读理解能力间的关系。结果发现,除了在假词拼读能力上存在缺陷外,英语学习不良儿童在其他语音能力--英语语音意识、听觉言语工作记忆及视觉言语工作记忆上均不存在发展滞后现象;在对儿童的阅读理解能力进行预测时,假词拼读、语音意识、句法意识和听觉工作记忆是较好的预测效标。     

双语儿童语音意识与词汇认读关系的研究

通过平行语音和词汇加工任务。对64名双语儿童英汉两种语言语音意识和词汇认读能力进行了双向测查。结果表明：双语儿童在两种语言不同语音意识和词汇认读之间存在跨语言的多重相关;在对其英语和汉语词汇认读能力的预测中,汉语音节辨认和英语音素识别均为重要的指标,表明语音意识对词汇认读能力具有跨语言的双向预测作用。     

语音记忆和视觉记忆在儿童汉语识字能力中同样重要吗?一个元分析综述

国外基于拼音文字的众多实证研究发现有阅读困难的儿童可能存在语音记忆方面的缺陷,表现为对文字信息而非视觉空间信息的存储困难。然而,关于普通儿童汉语识字能力方面,虽不少研究探讨到了工作记忆在其中的重要贡献,但目前为止依然对语音与视觉记忆在当中的角色没有一致的定论,也尚未有一篇元分析研究整合过过往的实证文献。因此,本文尝试采用元分析的方法试图澄清两种不同的工作记忆在儿童习得汉字中的不同功能。结果发现,工作记忆与儿童汉语识字能力的整体相关为0.24;语音记忆与儿童汉语识字能力的相关是0.34,而视觉记忆与儿童汉语识字能力的相关仅有0.14。本研究的结果支持以Wagner和Torgesen为代表的"泛语音论"的推测,也符合Perfetti和Dunlap(2008)的普适性的语音原则的预期,表明汉语阅读中代表着语音加工技能的语音记忆依然是汉字习得的核心驱动器。     

Hemispheric processing of lexical information in Chinese character recognition and its relationship to reading performance

Hemispheric predominance has been well documented in the visual perception of alphabetic words. However, the hemispheric processing of lexical information in Chinese character recognition and its relationship to reading performance are far from clear. In the divided visual field paradigm, participants were required to judge the orthography, phonology, or semantics of Chinese characters, which were presented randomly in the left or right visual field. The results showed a right visual field/left hemispheric superiority in the phonological judgment task, but no hemispheric advantage in the orthographic or semantic task was found. In addition, reaction times in the right visual field for phonological and semantic tasks were significantly correlated with the reading test score. These results suggest that both hemispheres involved in the orthographic and semantic processing of Chinese characters, and that the left lateralized phonological processing is important for Chinese fluent reading.     

Development of phonological and orthographic processing in reading aloud,in silent reading,and in spelling: a four-year longitudinal study

The development of phonological and orthographic processing was studied from the middle of Grade 1 to the end of Grade 4 (age 6; 6-10 years) using the effects of regularity and of lexicality in reading aloud and in spelling tasks, and using the effect of pseudohomophony in a silent reading task. In all the tasks, signs of reliance on phonological processing were found even when indicators of reliance on orthographic processing appeared. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine which early skills predict later reading achievement. Pseudoword and irregular word scores were used as measures for phonological and orthographic skills, respectively. Only middle of Grade 1 phonological reading skills accounted for independent variance in end of Grade 4 orthographic skills. Conversely, from the middle to the end of Grade 1, and from the end of Grade 1 to the end of Grade 4, both orthographic and phonological skills accounted for independent variance in later orthographic skills. In the prediction of phonological skills, only the unique contribution of earlier phonological skills was significant. Thus, phonological and orthographic processing appear to be reciprocally related, rather than independent components of written word recognition. However, very early reliance on the phonological procedure seems to be the bootstrapping mechanism for reading acquisition.     

学前和小学低段不同识字量儿童的认知能力比较

以193名学前儿童和291名一到三年级小学生为研究对象, 比较了不同年级、不同识字量儿童在语音意识、语素意识、快速命名、视觉技能和正字法意识方面的差异。结果显示, 不同年级、不同识字量儿童分别在语音意识和语素意识的不同层面存在差异, 学前主要表现在音节删除和语素建构任务中, 小学阶段表现在韵母识别、音位删除以及语素判断和语素产生方面;快速命名能力是区分各阶段儿童汉字识别能力的有效指标, 学前儿童的视觉能力与识字量密切相关, 而小学儿童的正字法意识与识字量密切相关。     

中文发展性阅读障碍研究

本文总结了作者有关中文发展性阅读障碍的部分研究成果,探讨了阅读困难儿童词汇加工的特征及其本质,讨论了中文阅读技能与其他认知加工,特别是基本视知觉的关系.文章指出阅读障碍儿童由于词汇识别水平低,他们在汉字识别过程中表现出比同年龄的控制组更大的规则性效应,在语义通达过程中,对语音的依赖较大.阅读障碍儿童不仅在汉字的命名速度上慢于控制组儿童,数字的语音通达速度也慢于控制组儿童.文章还总结了汉字阅读与视知觉的关系,发现视觉加工对字形相似性判断有较大的解释作用.     

Chinese-English biliteracy acquisition: cross-language and writing system transfer

This study investigated cross-language and writing system relationship in biliteracy acquisition of children learning to read two different writing systems-Chinese and English. Forty-six Mandarin-speaking children were tested for their first language (Chinese-L1) and second language (English-L2) reading skills. Comparable experiments in Chinese and English were designed focusing on two reading processes-phonological and orthographic processing. Word reading skills in both writing systems were tested. Results revealed that Chinese onset matching skill was significantly correlated with English onset and rime matching skills. Pinyin, an alphabetic phonetic system used to assist children in learning to read Chinese characters, was highly correlated with English pseudoword reading. Furthermore, Chinese tone processing skill contributed a moderate but significant amount of variance in predicting English pseudoword reading even when English phonemic-level processing skill was taken into consideration. Orthographic processing skill in the two writing systems, on the other hand, did not predict each other's word reading. These findings suggest that bilingual reading acquisition is a joint function of shared phonological processes and orthographic specific skills.     

汉语阅读障碍的语音加工及正字法加工缺陷的实验研究

本研究对汉语阅读障碍的加工缺陷进行探讨,期望有助于揭示语言加工的普遍性与特殊性,以及阅读障碍的成因,并可为后期的干预提供帮助。研究采用改编的言语认知测验对阅读水平匹配组与阅读障碍组和生理年龄匹配组进行比较后发现,阅读障碍组在语音意识和正字法加工任务上的成绩均明显差于生理年龄控制组和阅读水平匹配组;阅读障碍组在快速命名和语音记忆任务上的成绩不如生理年龄匹配组,仅达到阅读水平匹配组水平。因此,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在语音意识和正字法加工缺陷,这两种缺陷可能是阅读障碍儿童面临的最主要的两大缺陷;阅读障碍儿童在快速命名和语音记忆上的不足可能是发展迟滞所致。同时,大多数的汉语阅读障碍儿童存在不止一种的认知缺陷。阅读障碍儿童在语音意识和正字法加工上存在缺陷的比例最高。     

预期想象对拖延的影响:想象过程和想象结果的效应分离

摘要 为了考察预期想象对不同拖延水平个体拖延行为的影响,本研究采用一般拖延量表(General Procrastination Scale)选取高拖延被试和低拖延被试,要求被试在进行模拟现实的拖延任务之前分别对任务过程和任务结果进行预期想象,比较不同拖延水平的被试在预期想象作用下拖延行为的变化。结果表明：(1)在两组被试中,相比于无想象条件下的拖延行为,对任务过程的预期想象增强拖延行为,对任务结果的预期想象削弱拖延行为;(2)对任务不同成分的预期想象所引发的情绪与拖延行为的变化相关显著。这说明情绪和预期想象是影响拖延的重要因素,合理地操纵对任务不同成分的预期想象可以有效干预拖延行为。     

Phonological and Orthographic Processing of Hebrew Words: Electrophysiological Aspects

Brain activity among 15 male, college-level, normal readers in Israel was examined during phonological and orthographic word-recognition tasks. Both electrophysiological (event-related potentials, or ERPs) and behavioral measures were obtained. Data indicated that (a) behavioral accuracy was almost perfect for all the experimental tasks, and (b) although P200 and N400 ERP components were elicited in the experimental tasks, the latencies of those components were significantly longer and their amplitudes significantly higher in the phonological task. Variations in vowel information had no effect on word recognition in either type of task. The results suggest that among skilled readers of Hebrew, phonological processing during word recognition may be more effortful and may demand greater cognitive resources than orthographic processing. Furthermore, the additional phonological information represented in vowels appears to contribute little to word recognition in this population. These findings support earlier research on skilled reading in Hebrew as well as current theoretical models of reading.     

In search of subtypes of Chinese developmental dyslexia

The dual-route model offers a popular way to classify developmental dyslexia into phonological and surface subtypes. The current study examined whether this dual-route model could provide a framework for understanding the varieties of Chinese developmental dyslexia. Three groups of Chinese children (dyslexics, chronological-age controls, and reading-level controls) were tested on Chinese exception character reading, pseudocharacter reading (analogous to English nonword reading), novel word learning, and some phonological and orthographic skills. It was found that Chinese exception character reading and pseudocharacter reading were highly correlated and that orthographic skills was a better predictor of both Chinese exception character and pseudocharacter reading than was phonological skills. More than half (62%) of the children in the dyslexia sample were classified as belonging to the surface subtype, but no children were classified as belonging to the phonological subtype. These results suggested that the lexical and sublexical routes in Chinese are highly interdependent or that there may be only one route from print to speech as suggested by the connectionist models. Chinese dyslexic children generally are characterized as having delays in various phonological and orthographic skills, but some, such as those identified as surface dyslexics in the current study, are more severely impaired.