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1.
A number of observations from the task switching literature suggest that task preparation based on internally generated knowledge
is less efficient than task preparation based on externally presented information. In the present study, we investigated task
switching based on internally generated versus externally presented information and additionally varied the reliability of
foreknowledge. Source and reliability of foreknowledge were varied between groups of participants. With reliable foreknowledge,
the relevant task always conformed to foreknowledge, even when the features of the imperative stimulus called for an alternative
task. With unreliable foreknowledge, the relevant task was determined by the imperative stimulus and foreknowledge was sometimes
misleading. Apart from measuring switch costs, we examined the effectiveness of establishing a task set by measuring interference
exerted by conflicting stimuli (conditions with reliable foreknowledge) or misled expectancies (conditions with unreliable
foreknowledge). In terms of switch costs, we observed a slight superiority of externally presented over internally generated
information when foreknowledge was reliable, but this relationship strongly reversed with unreliable foreknowledge. This conclusion
was corroborated by observations regarding the effectiveness of task-set establishment in terms of proneness to interference.
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Thomas KleinsorgeEmail: |
2.
Bernhard Hommel 《Cognitive processing》2005,6(1):3-14
Perceptual processes play a central role in the planning and control of human voluntary action. Indeed, planning an action is a sensorimotor process operating on sensorimotor units, a process that is based on anticipations of perceptual action effects. I discuss how the underlying sensorimotor units emerge, and how they can be employed to tailor action plans to the goals at hand. I also discuss how even a single action can induce sensorimotor binding, how intentionally implemented short-term associations between stimuli and responses become autonomous, how feature overlap between stimulus events and actions makes them compatible, and why action plans are necessarily incomplete.
相似文献
Bernhard HommelEmail: |
3.
Benjamin Mossel 《Philosophia》2009,37(2):307-333
Some philosophers have argued that refraining from performing an action consists in actively keeping oneself from performing
that action or preventing one’s performing it. Since activities must be held to be positive actions, this implies that negative
actions are a species of positive actions which is to say that all actions are positive actions.
I defend the following claims:
相似文献
(i) | Positive actions necessarily include activity or effort, negative actions may require activity or effort, but never include the activity or effort which may be required. |
(ii) | Unless it is, or was, at some time in P’s power to Q, P does not refrain from Q-ing. |
(iii) | Negative actions are actions, they are causings of negative facts. |
Benjamin MosselEmail: |
4.
Action control according to TEC (theory of event coding) 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Bernhard Hommel 《Psychological research》2009,73(4):512-526
The theory of event coding (TEC) is a general framework explaining how perceived and produced events (stimuli and responses)
are cognitively represented and how their representations interact to generate perception and action. This article discusses
the implications of TEC for understanding the control of voluntary action and makes an attempt to apply, specify, and concretize
the basic theoretical ideas in the light of the available research on action control. In particular, it is argued that the
major control operations may take place long before a stimulus is encountered (the prepared-reflex principle), that stimulus-response
translation may be more automatic than commonly thought, that action selection and execution are more interwoven than most
approaches allow, and that the acquisition of action-contingent events (action effects) is likely to subserve both the selection
and the evaluation of actions.
相似文献
Bernhard HommelEmail: |
5.
The microgenesis of action-effect binding 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ideomotor theories of human action control assume that performing a movement leads to the automatic integration of the underlying
motor pattern with codes of its perceptual consequences. We studied the microgenesis of action-effect integration by varying
the mapping of action effects upon actions from trial to trial. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that perceiving a tone repetition
systematically affects one’s tendency to carry out the response that produced that tone in the previous trial, suggesting
that even the unintentional production of a stimulus creates a temporary binding of that stimulus with the action that brought
it about. Experiments 3 and 4 extended this finding in suggesting that the integration and/or retrieval of action effects
is modulated by attentional factors: Ongoing performance is more impacted by action effects if they are salient or match the
current attentional set.
相似文献
Bernhard HommelEmail: |
6.
The idea that observing an action triggers an automatic and obligatory activation of an imitative action in the motor system
of the observer has recently been questioned by studies examining complementary actions. Instead of a tendency for imitation,
cooperative settings may facilitate the execution of dissimilar actions, resulting in a relative disadvantage for imitative
actions. The present study aimed at clarifying the contribution of associative learning and interference of task representations
to the reversal of congruency effects. To distinguish between the two, an experiment was designed, in which we increased the
effects of associative learning and minimized the effects of task interference. Participants completed a series of imitation
and complementary action runs, in which they continuously imitated or complemented the actions of a virtual co-actor. Each
run was alternated with a test run showing the same actions but including color-cues, and the participants were instructed
to respond to color instead of the actor’s posture. Reaction times to test runs showed no reversal of facilitation effects
between the imitation and complementary action conditions. This result strongly argues that associative learning cannot adequately
account for reversed facilitation effects. Our study provides additional support for action–perception models that allow flexible
selection of action–perception coupling and challenges the existing models purely based on stimulus–response associations.
相似文献
Edita PoljacEmail: |
7.
Andrei A. Buckareff 《Philosophia》2006,34(2):143-152
Sharon Ryan has recently argued that if one has compatibilist intuitions about free action, then one should reject the claim that agents cannot exercise direct voluntary control over coming to believe. In this paper I argue that the differences between beliefs and actions make the expectation of direct voluntary control over coming to believe unreasonable. So Ryan's theory of doxastic agency is untenable.
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Andrei A. BuckareffEmail: Phone: +1-716-3533623 |
8.
Jason Kawall 《Philosophia》2006,34(2):153-156
In my “Promising and Supererogation” I argue that one cannot fulfill promises to perform supererogatory actions (such as “I hereby promise to perform one supererogatory action every month”). In a response to my paper, David Heyd argues that there is an alternative solution to the problem I raise. While I agree with much that Heyd says about the examples he discusses, his proposed solution involves a crucial alteration of the problem; his proposed solution does not solve the problem I present.
相似文献
Jason KawallEmail: |
9.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
相似文献
Bernd BuldtEmail: |
Benedikt L?we (Corresponding author)Email: |
Thomas MüllerEmail: |
10.
Christopher Woodard 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(3):247-261
We best understand Rule Consequentialism as a theory of pattern-based reasons, since it claims that we have reasons to perform
some action because of the goodness of the pattern consisting of widespread performance of the same type of action in the
same type of circumstances. Plausible forms of Rule Consequentialism are also pluralist, in the sense that, alongside pattern-based
reasons, they recognise ordinary act-based reasons, based on the goodness of individual actions. However, Rule Consequentialist
theories are distinguished from other pluralist theories of pattern-based reasons by implausible claims about the relative
importance of act-based and pattern-based reasons in different cases. Rule Consequentialists should give up these claims.
They should either embrace some other pluralist pattern-based view, or reject pattern-based reasons altogether. Note, though,
that these arguments apply only to compliance-based, rather than acceptance-based, versions of Rule Consequentialism. This
suggests that these two kinds of theory are more different from each other than we might previously have realised.
相似文献
Christopher WoodardEmail: |
11.
Jonathan Cole 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2007,6(3):309-325
Studies of perception have focussed on sensation, though more recently the perception of action has, once more, become the
subject of investigation. These studies have looked at acute experimental situations. The present paper discusses the subjective
experience of those with either clinical syndromes of loss of movement or sensation (spinal cord injury, sensory neuronopathy
syndrome or motor stroke), or with experimental paralysis or sensory loss. The differing phenomenology of these is explored
and their effects on intention and agency discussed. It is shown that sensory loss can have effects on the focussing of motor
command and that for some a sense of agency can return despite paralysis.
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Jonathan ColeEmail: |
12.
13.
Rolf Loeber Dustin A. Pardini Alison Hipwell Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Kate Keenan Mark A. Sembower 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):777-791
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls (N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
Rolf Loeber (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dustin A. PardiniEmail: |
Alison HipwellEmail: |
Magda Stouthamer-LoeberEmail: |
Kate KeenanEmail: |
Mark A. SembowerEmail: |
14.
Associative accounts of goal-directed action, developed in the fields of human ideomotor action and that of animal learning,
can capture cognitive belief-desire psychology of human decision-making. Whereas outcome-response accounts can account for
the fact that the thought of a goal can call to mind the action that has previously procured this goal, response-outcome accounts
capture decision-making processes that start out with the consideration of possible response alternatives followed only in
the second instance by evaluation of their consequences. We argue that while the outcome-response mechanism plays a crucial
role in response priming effects, the response-outcome mechanism is particularly important for action selection on the basis
of current needs and desires. We therefore develop an integrative account that encapsulates these two routes of action selection
within the framework of the associative-cybernetic model. This model has the additional benefit of providing mechanisms for
the incentive modulation of goal-directed action and for the development of behavioural autonomy, and therefore provides a
promising account of the multi-faceted process of animal as well as human instrumental decision-making.
相似文献
Sanne de WitEmail: |
15.
Nathan Salmon 《Philosophical Studies》2008,141(2):263-280
Jeffrey King’s principal objection to the direct-reference theory of demonstratives is analyzed and criticized. King has responded
with a modified version of his original argument aimed at establishing the weaker conclusion that the direct-reference theory
of demonstratives is either incomplete or incorrect. It is argued that this fallback argument also fails.
相似文献
Nathan SalmonEmail: |
16.
Jeff Wisdom 《Philosophical Studies》2008,138(3):429-434
In this essay I distinguish between a synchronic view of base property exemplification and a diachronic one. I argue that
only a diachronic view of base property exemplification can substantiate a ban on morally mixed worlds. I then argue that
one of Robert Mabrito’s recent criticisms of Russ Shafer-Landau’s moral realism fails on either a synchronic or a diachronic
view.
相似文献
Jeff WisdomEmail: |
17.
Some Thoughts on Terrorism, Moral Complaint, and the Self-Reflexive and Relational Nature of Morality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Saul Smilansky 《Philosophia》2006,34(1):65-74
The contemporary discussion of terrorism has been dominated by deontological and consequentialist arguments. Building upon my previous work on a paradox concerning moral complaint, I try to broaden the perspectives through which we view the issues. The direction that seems to me as most promising is a self-reflexive, conditional, and, to some extent, relational emphasis. What one is permitted to do to others would depend not so much on some absolute code constraning actions or on the estimate of what would optimize overall the resulting well-being but on the precedents that the past actions of those others provided, on the relationships among the participants, on tacit or explicit offers and possible agreements among them, and on the reciprocity (or lack thereof) that ensues.
相似文献
Saul SmilanskyEmail: |
18.
Dr. med. Dipl.-Soz. Alf Gerlach 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2004,20(1):7-12
19.
Michael Drieschner 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(1):1-16
20.
Chris Heathwood 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(1):137-142
Jonathan Westphal’s recent paper attempts to reconcile the view that propositions about the future can be true or false now
with the idea that the future cannot now be real. I attempt to show that Westphal’s proposal is either unoriginal or unsatisfying.
It is unoriginal if it is just the well-known eternalist solution. It is unsatisfying if it is instead making use of a peculiar,
tensed truthmaking principle.
相似文献
Chris HeathwoodEmail: |