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Julia Cathcart Shabat John S. Lyons Zoran Martinovich 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(3):353-371
We examined the differential outcomes in residential treatment for youths with conduct disorder (CD)—with special attention
paid to interactions with age and gender—in a sample of children and adolescents in 50 residential treatment centers and group
homes across Illinois. Multi-disciplinary teams rated youths ages 6–20 (N = 457) on measures of mental health and other factors within 30 days of admission, about 7 months after admission, and at
discharge. While both groups initially responded similarly to treatment, the CD group performed better relative to the non-CD
group over the full course of treatment, showing healthier relative change on five outcomes variables and more significant
improvement. Age range moderated the relationship between CD group membership and change in work/school performance. There
were significant between groups differences within the youngest age group (6–11 years) in which the CD group worsened relative
to the non-CD group. 相似文献
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The effects on aggression of target sex and relationship with the target were investigated using self‐report data. One hundred and seventy‐four participants (115 female) reported on acts of direct aggression in the last 2 years toward intimate partners, known and unknown same‐sex targets, and known and unknown opposite‐sex targets. Women's self‐reported aggression was higher toward partners than other targets, replicating previous findings regarding women's intimate partner aggression. Women's aggression was consistently higher toward same‐sex than opposite‐sex targets, but the effect of knowing the target was inconsistent. Men's self‐reported aggression was more frequent toward same‐sex than opposite‐sex targets—including intimate partners—and more frequent toward known than unknown targets. Results are discussed with reference to a partner‐specific reduction in women's fear, and sex differences in threshold for classifying someone as “known well.” Limitations of the present sample and suggestions for future work are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 38:272‐280, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Carlen Henington Jan N. Hughes Timothy A. Cavell Bruce Thompson 《Journal of School Psychology》1998,36(4):457-477
Peer perceptions of relational and overt aggression and peer evaluations of social competencies were obtained for 461 boys and 443 girls in second and third grades. In contrast to Crick and Grotpeter (1995), boys obtained higher relational and overt aggression scores than girls, and the relation between both types of aggression and peer evaluations were similar for boys and girls. When controlling for levels of overt aggression, relational aggression made a statistically significant but small contribution to the prediction of both peer-evaluated competencies and teacher ratings of aggression in boys and girls. Analyses treating relational and overt aggression as categorical variables revealed gender differences in the prevalence and corresponding sociometric status of aggressive subtypes. When peer-rated relational aggression status is not considered, 60% of aggressive girls, compared to 7% of aggressive boys, are not identified as aggressive. High levels of overt aggression were more likely to result in peer rejection for girls than for boys. In a subsample of 112 children, peer-rated relational aggression contributed more to the discrimination of teacher-identified aggressive and nonaggressive girls, whereas peer-rated overt aggression contributed more to the discrimination of teacher-identified aggressive and nonaggressive boys. 相似文献
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Lane Koenig Henrick Harwood Kathryn Sullivan Namrata Sen 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2000,22(4):399-417
This study presents estimates of the economic benefits to society from community-based substance abuse treatment. The analysis focused on the impact of length of stay and frequency of counseling on clients' crime-related and health care costs, welfare receipts, and income taxes. The results indicate that the benefits from an additional day of treatment were on average $21 for short-term residential treatment (or 29% the cost of a day of care), $13 for outpatient drug-free treatment (or 94% the cost of a day of care), and $5 for long-term residential treatment (or 9% the cost of a day of care). No benefits were found from additional counseling provided by a client's primary therapist. Withthe exception of short-term residential care, estimated increases in client earnings from longer lengths of stayexceeded the benefits to society. Our estimates do not include benefits realized during treatment or beyond the year after treatment. 相似文献
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Luca Caricati 《Sex roles》2007,57(3-4):159-171
Invariance hypothesis posits that, across cultures and contexts, men are higher in SDO than women. Social Dominance Theory
(SDT) suggests that this difference is biologically determined and resulting from the differences in reproductive strategies
between sexes. In this study we tested the hypothesis that values can explain gender–SDO differences. SDT suggests that SDO
mediates gender differences in values. The contrasting hypothesis suggests that gender–SDO differences are mediated by values.
Using SEM with a sample of Italian University students (N = 162, 80 men), the results provided strong support for the hypothesis of a mediation effect of values. Indeed, when controlling
for values, gender difference in SDO disappear. Very similar findings were obtained for both GBD and OEQ. Results are discussed. 相似文献
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This study tested four predictions derived from (evolutionary) sexual conflict theory. The central hypothesis was that men and women possess different emotional mechanisms that motivate and evaluate sexual activities. Women’s mechanisms are associated with their perception of partners’ ability and willingness to invest. For men these associations are weaker or inverse. Regression analyses of survey data from 194 college students revealed the following. As incidence of casual sexual relations increased (SOI Behavior), men reported less concern about partners’ intentions and less Worry–Vulnerability in response to casual sexual relations than women did; these gender interactions were significant. Regular sexual relations with partners with whom they did not desire emotional involvement showed the same pattern of gender differences. The Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) measured the incidence of sexual coercion in casual sexual relations. For women, but not for men, SOI Behavior was associated with all levels of sexual coercion. Limitations and implications are discussed. 相似文献
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Kenneth J. Zucker Susan J. Bradley Mohammad Sanikhani 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(3):217-227
From 1978 through 1995, a sex ratio of 6.6:1 of boys to girls (N = 275) was observed for children referred to a specialty clinic for gender identity disorder. This article attempts to evaluate several hypotheses regarding the marked sex disparity in referral rates. The sexes did not differ on four demographic variables (age at referral, IQ, and parent's social class and marital status) and on five indices of general behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist; in addition, there was only equivocal evidence that boys with gender identity disorder had significantly poorer peer relations than girls with gender identity disorder. Although the percentage of boys and girls who met the complete DSM-III-R criteria for gender identity disorder was comparable, other measures of sex-typed behavior showed that the girls had more extreme cross-gender behavior than the boys. Coupled with external evidence that cross-gender behavior is less tolerated in boys than in girls by both peers and adults, it is concluded that social factors partly account for the sex difference in referral rates. Girls appear to require a higher threshold than boys for cross-gender behavior before they are referred for clinical assessment. 相似文献
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Robert G. Orwin Michael Maranda Bruce Ellis 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2000,22(4):309-324
The use of alcohol and other drugs has long been associated with violence. Yet relatively little is known about the effect of treatment on specific violent behaviors. This study examines violent behaviors in the National TreatmentImprovement Evaluation Study (NTIES), and assesses the extent to which treatment appears to reduce violence for each measured behavior. It also examines these reductions by gender, treatment modality, and whether the client wasa victim of violence in addition to being a perpetrator. The results indicate large reductions in violence among clients actively violent during the pretreatment period, with virtually no increase in violence among clients not actively violent during that same period, irrespective of gender, modality, or victimization status. On their face, the results strongly suggest that substance abuse treatment is effective in reducing violent behavior. Alternative explanations areproposed and assessed, followed by implications for policy, practice, and future research. 相似文献
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Linda J. Baker 《Journal of Adult Development》2001,8(1):51-59
This paper takes a cognitive developmental perspective in the qualitative analysis of 9 interviews of women who were sexually abused as children and whose children were also sexually abused. It discusses ways in which the development of cognitive self-understanding can by stymied by childhood sexual abuse and how this, in turn, can affect a woman's ability to parent her children and take full advantage of psychotherapy. It studies the recovery process that participants describe at various stages of a social cognitive developmental model of self-understanding. Finally, it promotes the use of a cognitive developmental perspective in clinical work and offers suggestions for counselors addressing issues of childhood sexual victimization. 相似文献
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Antonia Calvo-Salguero José Miguel Ángel García-Martínez Adelaida Monteoliva 《Sex roles》2008,58(7-8):535-548
This study analyses the masculinity and femininity in a Spanish sample made up of 164 adult workers (88 men and 76 women).
To be specific, the objective was to demonstrate whether age and level of education were related to differences in masculinity
and femininity, both when comparing between the two genders and when the comparisons are made within the same gender. The
results indicated that the two variables predicted differences in women, but not in men. There were only differences between
genders in masculinity and femininity between the ages of 20 and 39, and when the level of education is low. The results appear
to support Hofstede’s hypothesis that there are fewer differences between genders in gender role orientation in feminine countries. 相似文献
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Karriker-Jaffe KJ Foshee VA Ennett ST Suchindran C 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1227-1236
To describe trajectories of aggressive behaviors for adolescents living in rural areas, we compared the patterns, timing and
sex differences in development of physical and social aggression using five waves of data collected from youth in school surveys
administered over 2.5 years. The sample (N = 5,151) was 50.0% female, 52.1% Caucasian and 38.2% African-American. Multilevel growth curve models showed that physical
and social aggression followed curvilinear trajectories from ages 11 to 18, with increases in each type of aggression followed
by subsequent declines. Physical aggression peaked around age 15; social aggression peaked around age 14. Boys consistently
perpetrated more physical aggression than girls, but the trajectories were parallel. There were no sex differences in the
perpetration of social aggression. Given the characteristics of the developmental trajectories observed, interventions with
both boys and girls targeting physically and socially aggressive behaviors are needed in early adolescence to slow the development
of aggression. 相似文献
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We examined differences between men and women, and between young, middle and older age adults in emotion regulation strategies (rumination, suppression, reappraisal, problem-solving, acceptance, social support) and the relationships between these strategies and depressive symptoms. Women were more likely than men to report using several different emotion regulation strategies, and these gender differences were significant even after statistically controlling for gender differences in depressive symptoms. Use of most strategies decreased with age, with two exceptions: (1) use of suppression increased with age for women but not for men and (2) use of acceptance did not decrease with age for women. Use of maladaptive strategies was associated with more depressive symptoms in all age groups and both genders, yet, the use of adaptive strategies generally was not related to lower levels depressive symptoms across groups. 相似文献
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Ron Smith 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2000,22(4):299-307
Treatment professionals, whether clinicians, scientists, or policy makers, are interested in developing methods to improve behavioral health treatment outcomes. Clinicians are interested in knowing what treatment practices to incorporate into the services they offer clients. Policymakers request guidance regarding which decisions are most likely to lead to effective treatment approaches and structures. Scientists are eager to contribute knowledge pertinent to building and evaluating effective treatment practices and policies. The papers in this special series provide information on substance abuse treatment practices andpresent findings relevant to clinical practice, policy decisions, and scientific inquiry. This paper provides a brief overview of the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES) and briefly summarizes the other research papers included in this issue, all of which exemplify practice and policy issues in the substance abuse treatment field and bolster approaches applied to address these issues. 相似文献
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Janet S. Fink 《Sex roles》2008,58(1-2):146-147
This article utilizes the work found within the special issue to note that sport as an institution still serves to produce,
reinforce, and perpetuate male hegemony. However, it additionally argues that the collective works point to progress in some
areas of sport. It highlights the ideas for future research regarding sex and gender diversity in sport and notes that these
concerns are often situated in multi-level, sometimes subtle, and usually taken-for-granted structures, policies, and behaviors
embedded in sport organizations. It concludes with a call for continued work in this area. 相似文献
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Annelies L. Daalder Stefan Bogaerts Catrien C. J. H. Bijleveld 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2013,22(9):935-949
In this article, the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood is examined in a sample of 123 female indoor sex workers in the Netherlands. It was hypothesized that the severity of childhood abuse and neglect is associated with the severity of PTSD. In this study, a substantial number of sex workers had experienced abuse, neglect, or both during childhood. Furthermore, a substantial number suffered from PTSD. Results show significant differences between sex workers suffering from PTSD and sex workers not suffering from PTSD, in the extent to which they have experienced abuse or neglect. Logistic regression analysis shows emotional abuse contributes significantly to the prediction of PTSD. Our findings suggest that the high rate of PTSD among sex workers might be partially related to childhood experiences, indicating that a number of sex workers might be traumatized before entering sex work. 相似文献
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Dating violence has been linked to past experiences of childhood emotional abuse; however, little research has explored how stress reactivity functions within interpersonal relationships to amplify or attenuate these associations. The present study investigated the moderating effects of cortisol stress reactivity on associations between retrospective self-reported childhood emotional abuse and later self-reported interpersonal violence in young adult dating relationships. The current sample consisted of 57 young adult heterosexual dating partners (46 females, 11 males) between the ages of 18 and 24. Salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after a stress task to measure stress reactivity. Moderation analyses were conducted through the PROCESS macro in SPSS version 22. The relation between childhood emotional abuse and dating violence varied depending on cortisol reactivity, such that the association between childhood emotional abuse and young adult dating violence was stronger for those who demonstrated low levels of cortisol reactivity. The association between childhood emotional abuse and dating violence was not significant for those who demonstrated high cortisol reactivity. Findings underscore the importance of studying physiological mechanisms that may confer risk in the relationship between child emotional abuse and later interpersonal consequences. 相似文献
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Maria De Paola Vincenzo Scoppa 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2017,26(3):444-456
Using data on about 35,000 professional tennis matches, we test whether men and women react differently to psychological pressure arising from the outcomes of sequential stages in a competition. We show that, with respect to men, women losing the first set are much more likely to play poorly the second set. This suggests that women are more discouraged when facing the pressure of falling behind and receiving negative feedback. The gender differential is stronger in high-stake matches. On the other hand, when players are tied in the third set we do not find any gender difference in players’ reactions suggesting that women are as able as men to handle pressure if they do not lag behind. These results are robust controlling for measures of abilities and fitness of players, such as players’ rankings, players’ ex-ante winning probability, players’ rest, monetary prizes, players’ and tournaments’ fixed effects. 相似文献