老年人夫妻依恋的测量及与一般依恋的关系

通过对697名60岁以上、配偶健在的老年人进行调查, 对《老年人夫妻依恋问卷》进行修订及信效度的检验, 并应用该问卷对老年人的夫妻依恋风格进行划分, 考察夫妻依恋风格与一般依恋之间的吻合程度。结果显示修订后的《老年人夫妻依恋问卷》具有稳定的三维度结构以及良好的信效度; 聚类分析显示老年人夫妻依恋以安全型和专注型为主, 而一般依恋以安全型和冷漠型居多。在老年人中仅有39.9%的个体具有相同类型的夫妻依恋与一般依恋, 呈现出较低的一致性。     

老年人夫妻依恋稳定性及其与配偶支持的关系

通过追踪研究,考察了老年人夫妻依恋的稳定性及配偶支持情况对夫妻依恋稳定性的影响.共有75名配偶健在的老年人参与了间隔3年的两次调查,第一次参与研究时的年龄范围为60~84岁.老年人夫妻依恋问卷和配偶支持问卷分别用来测量夫妻依恋和经历生活事件时夫妻间的支持情况.结果表明:(1)老年人夫妻依恋安全、依恋焦虑和依恋回避的跨时间稳定性较低;(2)对于依恋的变化,配偶支持是较生活事件发生数量更有效的预测指标,觉知到的配偶支持水平和支持满意度能够显著预测依恋安全、依恋焦虑和依恋回避分数的改变.     

老年人配偶支持的特点及其与夫妻依恋、婚姻满意度的关系

分别从实际和期望支持、情感和物质支持两个维度考察了老年人配偶支持的特点,并且采用结构方程模型来检验配偶支持、夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度三者之间的关系.289位有配偶的城市社区老年人参加了本次问卷调查,年龄范围为60～88岁.重要他人问卷、老年人夫妻依恋问卷及Locke-Wallace婚姻调适测定问卷分别用来测量老年人的配偶支持、夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度情况.结果表明:(1)性别、年龄及受教育水平不同的老年人在配偶支持上存在显著差异;(2)老年人的配偶支持与夫妻依恋和婚姻满意度三者两两相关,配偶支持以夫妻依恋为中介影响婚姻满意度.     

少年夫妻老来伴:夫妻依恋与留守老人孤独感

为考察留守老人的夫妻依恋及其与孤独感的关系,采用问卷法对510名留守老人进行调查。结果表明留守老人安全型夫妻依恋比例低于城市老年人,拒绝型夫妻依恋比例高于城市老年人;领悟社会支持在留守老人依恋安全和依恋回避与孤独感的关系中起中介作用、领悟社会支持和核心自我评价在留守老人依恋安全和依恋回避与孤独感的关系中起链式多重中介作用,核心自我评价在留守老人依恋焦虑与孤独感的关系中起部分中介作用。上述结果表明夫妻依恋与留守老人孤独感关系密切,结果有利于拓展老年人夫妻依恋的研究范围并为降低留守老人孤独感提供参考。     

蒙汉族大学生父母教养方式、成人依恋与心理困扰的关系研究

通过整群抽样方法抽取了576名大学生,对其施测父母养育方式量表、亲密关系体验量表和心理困扰量表,运用结构方程模型技术,分别考察了父母养育方式的蒙汉族差异以及成人依恋模式在父母养育方式和心理困扰间的中介作用。结果表明:(1) 蒙古族父母对孩子的关爱程度和给孩子的自主性要显著高于汉族;(2) 汉族的成人依恋模式在父母过度保护与抑郁-焦虑-压力之间起着部分中介作用,而蒙古族成人依恋的中介作用不明显,但母亲的冷漠拒绝和过度保护会导致个体依恋回避和依恋焦虑,父亲的冷漠拒绝和过度保护会影响个体的抑郁和焦虑,母亲的过度保护和父亲的冷漠拒绝会影响个体的压力。     

老年人依恋对生活满意度的影响：孤独感的中介作用

选取湖北省和湖南省的六个县市的310名老年人,采用感情和社交孤独问卷(ESLS)、生活满意度量表(SWLS)和亲密关系经历量表（ECR）进行测量,运用偏差矫正百分位的非参数Bootstrap 方法探讨老年人的孤独感在依恋与生活满意度之间的中介作用。结果表明：（1）依恋的回避和焦虑两个维度均与孤独感呈显著正相关,与生活满意度呈显著负相关,孤独感与生活满意度呈显著负相关;（2）孤独感在在依恋回避与生活满意度之间起部分中介作用,在依恋焦虑与生活满意度之间起完全中介作用。     

大学生成人依恋、社会支持与抑郁的关系

通过整群随机抽样的方法抽取了438名大学生, 对其施测关系问卷、亲密关系经历量表、社会支持评定量表和抑郁问卷, 以探讨成人依恋关系、社会支持与抑郁之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)依恋回避、依恋焦虑、社会支持和抑郁在依恋类型上存在显著差异;(2)依恋回避与不同来源社会支持均存在显著负相关, 与抑郁存在显著正相关。依恋焦虑与主观社会支持存在显著负相关, 与抑郁存在显著正相关。不同来源社会支持与抑郁均存在显著负相关;(3)社会支持可以部分中介成人依恋对抑郁的影响。     

老年人的依恋特点

老年阶段进入依恋研究者的视野是上个世纪90年代之后才陆续开始的。十几年来,该领域积累了不少研究成果。一系列研究考查了不同依恋对象对老年人生活的影响,包括对兄弟姐妹、成年子女、配偶、父母的依恋以及一种特殊的依恋：符号化依恋;不少研究发现了依恋模式分布的年龄效应,冷漠型和安全型依恋是老年依恋的主要模式,这与年轻成人的分布有很大差异;当前关于老年依恋的心理功能研究主要集中于以下两大领域：（1）老年依恋与慢性疾病中的照料;（2）老年依恋与心理健康。对于老年人依恋的研究还远未达到成熟的地步,老年依恋的测量工具亟待改进,跨文化的研究也需要进一步推广     

老年人夫妻冲突一般特点及其与依恋的关系

采用开放式与封闭式问卷相结合的方式对27对60～84岁(M=69.93±5.89)的老年夫妻测查了老年人夫妻依恋风格及夫妻冲突的特点。结果表明,老年人夫妻冲突具有低频率、低强度、较低的威胁性、较高的建设性及易解决的特点;不同依恋风格的老年人夫妻冲突的强度、频率、冲突解决程度均不存在显著差异;在冲突性质上,安全型依恋风格老年人感知到的冲突建设性显著高于不安全型依恋风格个体,但其感知到的冲突威胁性无显著差异;老年夫妻对冲突的感知存在冲突知觉一致性效应。     

依恋内部工作模型与老年人婚姻满意度的关系：基于夫妻成对数据的分析

依恋内部工作模型反映了个体在关系中对自我和他人的认知,虽然有很多研究证实了依恋风格与关系质量存在紧密关联,但自我和他人两个工作模型是否在预测关系质量上存在差异性尚未得到明确回答。本研究以老年群体为研究对象,直接考察自我模型与他人模型分别以怎样的方式预测婚姻满意度。研究使用问卷法对112对老年夫妻的内部工作模型、夫妻依恋取向、婚姻满意度等进行了测量,采用中介模型、交叉互倚模型以及方差分析分别从被试个体、夫妻主客体效应、以及夫妻匹配模式三个分析视角考察了依恋的两种内部工作模型与婚姻满意度的关联性。结果发现,相比他人模型,老年人自我模型与婚姻满意度的关联更为密切,且可以通过夫妻依恋双维度对其产生影响。但同时也发现,老年人依恋的内部工作模型与婚姻满意度的关联受到夫妻角色差异的影响：对于丈夫而言,自我模型与婚姻满意度的关联更为紧密,这可能与中国传统文化中的男性主导地位有关;而对于妻子而言,他人模型与婚姻满意度的关系更为紧密,这可能与女性在社会互动中更倾向于关系导向有关,也可能是传统文化中的“夫为妻纲”对老年女性的影响使然。     

Effects of emotion on item and source memory in young and older adults

Emotional experiences are easier to remember than neutral ones, but whether memory for all aspects of an experience is improved by emotion remains unclear. Some researchers have argued that the influence of emotion on memory is different for item than for source information, whereas others have argued that emotion affects both similarly. Also, whether item and source memory are affected by emotion in older people in the same way as in young people is currently unclear. We examined item and source memory for emotional and neutral materials in young and older adults. Memory for emotional items was superior to memory for neutral items, whereas there was no difference in source memory. Overall, item and source memory were poorer in older people than in young people, but emotion seemed to have a similar effect on both age groups. Although emotional content was remembered better than neutral content, this benefit did not apply to source memory. However, varying the emotionality of the source (i.e., the voice in Experiment 3) improved memory for the source, and this effect was greater in young than in older people. Tone of voice had no effect on item memory in older people, but the effect was variable in the young and may depend on the extent to which the tone of voice moderates the interpretation of the content.     

Early psychological consequences of the March 11, 2004, terrorist attacks in Madrid, Spain

On March 11, 2004, Al-Qaeda set off 10 bombs on several train routes in Madrid. 192 people were killed and 2,000 wounded. In this study, 1,179 questionnaires were administered Week 2 after the attacks to residents 18 years and over from the affected geographical areas. The questionnaire included items about sociodemographic variables and exposure to the attacks. Psychological effects were assessed as presence of acute stress and depressive symptomatology and functional impairment. 46.7% of the sample presented symptomatology of acute stress and 49.6% depressive symptoms. Among the symptoms of acute stress, the most frequent were re-experiencing (72.5%) and dissociative symptoms (71.8%). The chief predicting variables in symptomatology were being female, over 65 yr. old, and a habitual train user. The large number of affected people was refined with an item analysis and the consideration of severity of interference in psychosocial functioning.     

中国人善良人格的结构研究

善良人格是一个具有中国文化特色的人格心理学主题。为了探究善良人格的结构和内涵,研究基于人格词汇学假设,通过开放式和半开放式问卷调查,经由意义分善良; 善良人格; 人格结构; 中国人析和初测保留了85个善良人格词汇; 在此基础上,进行探索性和验证性因素分析,揭示了中国人的善良人格是一个包括诚信友善、利他奉献、宽容和善、重情重义的二阶四因子结构。信度和效度分析表明,编制的善良人格问卷的信、效度良好,符合心理测量学的基本要求。     

Effects of aging on the magnitude and accuracy of quality-of-encoding judgments

Age invariance in monitoring associative learning has been the norm in numerous investigations concerning how accurately people predict future recall, predictions that are based partly on people's beliefs about forgetting. In this study, we obtained a measure of monitoring that is minimally influenced by beliefs about forgetting. Participants made quality-of-encoding (QUE) judgments by rating how well each item had been encoded. In 2 experiments, older and younger adults studied 60 paired-associate items; immediately after studying each one, they made a QUE judgment. Each item was presented at a 4-s or 8-s presentation rate. QUEs from both age groups were sensitive to the production of different strategies, presentation rate, and item characteristics. Reliable age differences in the correlation of QUEs and subsequent recall were found for related items but not for unrelated items. The outcomes indicate similar processes for generating QUE judgments by older and younger adults, but they also suggest the possibility of an age-related deficit in the accuracy of monitoring encoding in some experimental conditions.     

Ego-syntonicity in responses to items in the California Psychological Inventory

Responding to items on a personality questionnaire can evoke a variety of feelings, from discomfort to indifference to pleasure. Harrison Gough reported that when he wrote items for the California Psychological Inventory (CPI; Gough & Bradley, 1996), he tried to make the items as ego-syntonic as possible. Ego-syntonic items are those “which a respondent finds congenial, and on which giving an opinion is a rewarding act” (Gough & Bradley, 1996, p. 10). The present study asked 79 respondents to report how they felt after answering each CPI item. Average affect ratings were above neutral for a majority of items, indicating that Gough had some success in writing ego-syntonic items. Differences in item ego-syntonicity were attributable to other item characteristics. Respondents disliked responding to relatively odd and ambiguous items, items with linguistic negations, and items referring to negative feelings and situations. As predicted by Gough, respondents enjoyed responding to items on the communality scale, items with which most people agree. They also enjoyed items that referred to positive emotions and attitudes and to items indicating extraversion, conscientiousness, low neuroticism, and openness to experience. Highly ego-syntonic items were found to be more valid than less ego-syntonic items. Individuals who reported disliking many items were found to be socially anxious. The relation between reports of liking or disliking items, identity, and reputation are discussed, and further research on item response dynamics and validity is proposed.     

What are the positive consequences of illness?

Abstract

Fifty five people, either currently sick or having recovered from their illness, were recruited if they reported positive consequences of illness. They were questioned about their experiences of illness, 41 by semi-structured interview and 14 by open-ended questionnaire and responses were classified into 17 categories. The categories were similar but slightly more extensive than previous accounts of positive consequences reported in the literature. The content of the interviews and questionnaires was used to construct a 66 item questionnaire about positive consequences of illness which was then completed by 97 patients. A principal components analysis indicated a large first factor accounting for 27% of the variance. Endorsement of items varied between 87% and zero for chronic lung disease patients attending pulmonary rehabilitation. However, all patients endorsed at least one item and the median number of items endorsed was 31. Positive consequences of illness are highly varied and more common than often realised, and this has implications for the concept and measurement of quality of life.     

Item learning in cognitive skill training: Effects of item difficulty

Item difficulty effects in skill learning were examined by giving participants extensive training with repeated alphabet arithmetic problems that varied in addend size (e.g., C ? D = ? is easy; C ? J = ? is harder). Recognition memory for the items, as measured by interpolated recognition tests, was acquired early in training and was unaffected by item difficulty. Memory for the solutions to items, as measured by the participants’ strategy reports that they had retrieved, rather than computed, the solution, was acquired later and was affected by item difficulty. Solutions to easier items were learned earlier in training for both young adults (18–24 years) and older adults (60–75 years), superimposed on an overall lower level of solution learning in older participants. The results suggest that the formation of associations between problems and their solutions is effortful and shares limited processing resources with the computational demands of the problem.     

Rural and urban elderly construe health differently.

Samples of people aged 65 or older (N = 396) living in the metropolitan Omaha area and in the rural Sandhills counties of central and western Nebraska completed an instrument to assess health satisfaction, health behaviors, and attitudes toward health care. Few intergroup differences were found that could be attributed to the area of residence. However, factor analysis and item analysis of the attitudes toward health items indicated that older respondents in rural areas may have very different perceptions of health in general and of health care services in particular than those of elderly urban residents.     

Rural and Urban Elderly Construe Health Differently

Samples of people aged 65 or older (N = 396) living in the metropolitan Omaha area and in the rural Sandhills counties of central and western Nebraska completed an instrument to assess health satisfaction, health behaviors, and attitudes toward heath care. Few intergroup differences were found that could be attributed to the area of residence. However, factor analysis and item analysis of the attitudes toward health items indicated that older respondents in rural areas may have very different perceptions of health in general and of health care services in particular than those of elderly urban residents.