福祉与责任——美国工程伦理学述评

美国工程伦理学自20世纪70年代产生以来,经过几十年的发展,已经比较成熟和规范,形成了相对完善的伦理章程与稳定的学术建制,促进了美国工程的良性发展。而深入地探讨与分析其历史背景与目标,发展过程与态势,不仅有利于我国工程伦理学的产生,而且有利于促进我国工程的健康发展。一美国工程伦理学产生的境域与目标技术已经对我们这个世界产生了深远而广泛的影响,而工程师在技术各个方面的发展上扮演了核心角色。工程师创造产品与程序来提高食物产量、加强植物保护、节约能源消耗、提速通信交通、促进身体健康以及消除自然灾害,也给人类生活带…     

Ethics and the UN Sustainable Development Goals: The Case for Comprehensive Engineering

Science and Engineering Ethics - In the twenty-first century, the urgent problems the world is facing (the UN Sustainable Development Goals) are increasingly related to vast and intricate...     

Ethical Education in Software Engineering: Responsibility in the Production of Complex Systems

Among the various contemporary schools of moral thinking, consequence-based ethics, as opposed to rule-based, seems to have a good acceptance among professionals such as software engineers. But naïve consequentialism is intellectually too weak to serve as a practical guide in the profession. Besides, the complexity of software systems makes it very hard to know in advance the consequences that will derive from professional activities in the production of software. Therefore, following the spirit of well-known codes of ethics such as the ACM/IEEE’s, we advocate for a more solid position in the ethical education of software engineers, which we call ‘moderate deontologism’, that takes into account both rules and consequences to assess the goodness of actions, and at the same time pays an adequate consideration to the absolute values of human dignity. In order to educate responsible professionals, however, this position should be complemented with a pedagogical approach to virtue ethics.     

Narrowing the Creativity Gap: The Moderating Effects of Perceived Support for Creativity

This article examines the role of 3 types of perceived support for creativity in moderating the relation between creative self-efficacy and self-perceived creativity. The findings suggest significant interaction effects for perceived work-group support and supervisor support, but not for perceived organizational support. This study is among the first to (a) examine the importance of perceived support for creativity in unlocking creative potential and increasing creativity in organizations and (b) use interaction terms in structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate moderator effects in an applied research setting. These results imply that organizational interventions focused on training supervisors and work-group members to support creativity in the workplace may be more effective than broader and less focused interventions at the organizational level.     

The Home/School Connection and Its Role in Narrowing the Academic Achievement Gap: An Ecological Systems Theoretical Perspective

This literature review seeks to evaluate previous studies on the topic of the home/school connection and its role in enhancing students’ academic achievement and narrowing the academic achievement gap. The ecological systems theory framework will facilitate the discussion of the importance of the home/school connection phenomenon. Perspectives pivotal to parental involvement and their interconnectedness with academic achievement and the academic achievement gap will be explored using a synthesis of prior research. The barriers impeding this partnership and strategies for removing them will be examined. Additionally, non-traditional solutions to the academic achievement gap such as individual faith will be addressed. Finally, implications of the home/school connection particularly for Christian educators will be presented.     

论工程共同体的环境伦理责任

工程共同体的各个组成部分应该承担环境伦理责任.投资者应该对工程组织共同体如企业的环境保护负领导责任.工程组织共同体如企业应该承担起对自然、对市场、对公众的生态责任,从"淡绿"走向"深绿".工程师应该负有特别的责任,从"对雇主不加批评的忠诚"走向"批评的忠诚".工程职业共同体如工程师协会应该负有对工程师进行环境伦理教育以及制定相应的工程师环境伦理规范的责任.工程管理者应该承担起对工程活动进行环境管理的责任,由初学者转变为关心的公民,再转变为实用主义者,最后成为赞成行动主义者.工人应该承担避免因操作失误而引发环境灾难的责任.     

Professional Virtue and Professional Self-Awareness: A Case Study in Engineering Ethics

This paper articulates an Aristotelian theory of professional virtue and provides an application of that theory to the subject of engineering ethics. The leading idea is that Aristotle’s analysis of the definitive function of human beings, and of the virtues humans require to fulfill that function, can serve as a model for an analysis of the definitive function or social role of a profession and thus of the virtues professionals must exhibit to fulfill that role. Special attention is given to a virtue of professional self-awareness, an analogue to Aristotle’s phronesis or practical wisdom. In the course of laying out my account I argue that the virtuous professional is the successful professional, just as the virtuous life is the happy life for Aristotle. I close by suggesting that a virtue ethics approach toward professional ethics can enrich the pedagogy of professional ethics courses and help foster a sense of pride and responsibility in young professionals.     

崛起与建构——国内工程伦理学研究现状述评

近两三年来,对工程伦理的探讨构成了中国伦理学研究的一大亮点和理论生长点,研讨主要集中于工程伦理学的可能性、内涵、性质、研究对象和研究方法等方面.当前中国工程伦理学的研究还处于崛起的阶段,需要进一步加强跨学科的交流,系统建构起有中国特色的工程伦理学.     

The Ethics of Ethics Reviews in Global Health Research: Case Studies Applying a New Paradigm

With increasing calls for global health research there is growing concern regarding the ethical challenges encountered by researchers from high-income countries (HICs) working in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a dearth of literature on how to address these challenges in practice. In this article, we conduct a critical analysis of three case studies of research conducted in LMICs. We apply emerging ethical guidelines and principles specific to global health research and offer practical strategies that researchers ought to consider. We present case studies in which Canadian health professional students conducted a health promotion project in a community in Honduras; a research capacity-building program in South Africa, in which Canadian students also worked alongside LMIC partners; and a community-university partnered research capacity-building program in which Ecuadorean graduate students, some working alongside Canadian students, conducted community-based health research projects in Ecuadorean communities. We examine each case, identifying ethical issues that emerged and how new ethical paradigms being promoted could be concretely applied. We conclude that research ethics boards should focus not only on protecting individual integrity and human dignity in health studies but also on beneficence and non-maleficence at the community level, explicitly considering social justice issues and local capacity-building imperatives. We conclude that researchers from HICs interested in global health research must work with LMIC partners to implement collaborative processes for assuring ethical research that respects local knowledge, cultural factors, the social determination of health, community participation and partnership, and making social accountability a paramount concern.     

Counselling Older Adults Living in Residential Aged Care Settings: Four Illustrative Case Studies

The role of psychologists and other mental health professionals in long‐term care settings is undefined in Australia. Graduate psychology students receive little training in clinical geropsychology, and residential aged care providers do not routinely employ psychologists within such settings. Further, despite high rates of depression, neurocognitive problems, and other mental health problems, residents are rarely referred for evidence‐based psychological treatment. This article presents four case studies showing how psychology services may be employed in such settings within the context of a postgraduate psychology placement programme. These case studies emphasise the importance of engagement, the use of flexible and individualised treatment approaches, and the involvement of family and professional carers in the provision of psychological services. Psychology services in residential settings can have a positive impact on the care of older adults and their families.     

心灵的挑战：医生责任伦理问题与诉求

道德赤字、人性亏损是当代医学最大的危机,单纯法律、伦理、制度已难以管控医生的真实医疗行为,现代医学正面临前所未有的道德冲击和人性挑战。作为一种新道德思维,医学责任伦理具有新的精神气质和新的伦理追求,它超越传统的道德思维局限性,以他者的思维方式重新审视医学责任,开辟了一条解决现代医学面临的道德难题的新路径。责任伦理要求医生不仅要具备精湛的医术,更要具有善良的人格,要践行一种自愿的、主动的、不求回报的伦理责任,让医学技术为社会可持续、为人类健康和子孙后代造福。     

Infinite Responsibility in the Bedpan: Response Ethics,Care Ethics,and the Phenomenology of Dependency Work

Because Levinas understands ethical response as a response to the radical alterity of the other, he contrasts it with justice, for which alterity becomes a question of equality. Drawing upon the practice of dependency work and the insights of feminist care ethics, I argue that the opposition between responding to another's singularity and leveling it via parity‐based principles is belied in the experience of care. Through a hermeneutic phenomenology of caring for my post‐stroke grandfather, I develop an account of dependency work as a material dialectic of embodied response involving moments of leveling, attention, and interruption. Contra much of response ethics’ and care ethics’ respective literatures, this dialectic suggests that they complement each other in ways that productively illuminate themes of each. I conclude by suggesting that when response and care ethics are thought together through the experience of dependency work, such labors produce finite responsibility with infinite hope.     

"Moralism" and the Gender Gap: Judgments of Political Ethics in Japan

This article investigates whether women are, as many claim, "moralists"—that is, moral and ethical standard-setters who seek clean politics and have strict standards for public officials. An analysis of data from the 1996 Japanese Elections and Democracy Study survey and from 18 focus groups conducted in 1996 indicates that women in Japan are not moralists. As elsewhere, there is a gender gap in Japan on "issue preference sets," with women favoring a "care" agenda, but women assign political ethics less importance than do men, even though women are more likely to see adverse effects from political corruption. Studying people's judgments of four ethics scenarios reveals minimal gender gaps; controlling for education and age, women's judgments overall are less, not more, strict than men's. Among women, age is a better predictor of moralism than education; older women are stricter than younger women on political ethics. This is attributed to gender-based differences in moral reasoning: Japanese women and men both rely heavily on a "relation-based" frame (which is situation-specific and requires extensive social information), but gender stratification patterns create information inequalities. Younger women lack social information necessary for judging political misconduct, whereas older women overcome the information deficit through life experience.     

Negotiating Responsibility: Case Studies of Reproductive Decision-Making and Prenatal Genetic Testing in Families Facing Huntington Disease

Three case studies are presented to further our understanding of how responsibility is negotiated in families when making decisions about genetic risk. These draw on a model of responsibility generated in a study of reproductive decision-making in families facing Huntington disease (HD) to illustrate the impact of prenatal testing on this process. This involves analyzing: how people present themselves as acting responsibly whether or not they utilize genetic testing; who they feel responsible to in their family and elsewhere; the impact that testing has on these relationships; and, how negotiating responsibility changes over time with repeated use of prenatal testing, changing risk status and maturational changes. Two key findings are: how decision-making is perceived can become as important as what is decided; and, how responsibility is negotiated depends on which of these relationships are prioritized. Implications of the findings for clinical practice are noted and suggestions made for further applications of the model.     

Ethics Across the Curriculum: Prospects for Broader (and Deeper) Teaching and Learning in Research and Engineering Ethics

Science and Engineering Ethics - The movements to teach the responsible conduct of research (RCR) and engineering ethics at technological universities are often unacknowledged aspects of the ethics...     

Moral Responsibility, Manipulation Arguments, and History: Assessing the Resilience of Nonhistorical Compatibilism

Manipulation arguments for incompatibilism all build upon some example or other in which an agent is covertly manipulated into acquiring a psychic structure on the basis of which she performs an action. The featured agent, it is alleged, is manipulated into satisfying conditions compatibilists would take to be sufficient for acting freely. Such an example used in the context of an argument for incompatibilism is meant to elicit the intuition that, due to the pervasiveness of the manipulation, the agent does not act freely and is not morally responsible for what she does. It is then claimed that any agent??s coming to be in the same psychic state through a deterministic process is no different in any relevant respect from the pertinent manner of manipulation. Hence, it is concluded that compatibilists?? proposed sufficient conditions for free will and moral responsibility are inadequate, and that free will and moral responsibility are incompatible with determinism. One way for compatibilists to resist certain manipulation arguments is by appealing to historical requirements that, they contend, relevant manipulated agents lack. While a growing number of compatibilists advance an historical thesis, in this paper, I redouble my efforts to show, in defense of nonhistorical compatibilists like Harry Frankfurt, that there is still life left in a nonhistorical view. The historical compatibilists, I contend, have fallen shy of discrediting their nonhistorical compatibilist rivals.