Pesticides and Policies

ABSTRACT The decision to accept or to reject an empirical hypothesis concerning the risks and hazards of a pesticide requires assessing the cost's of error if the wrong decision is taken. The assessment of such costs involves scientists in problems which are closely related to those which policy-makers face in deciding what to do in view of the information provided by scientists. These problems include the unforeseeable effects of agricultural technologies, the assessments of costs and benefits, and the choice of decision rule to use in policy formation. I conclude that the combined impact of these problems motivates the use of prudentially weighted decision rules in forming policies which regulate the use of pesticides, and it motivates the development of bio-environmental alternatives to chemically based pest control policies.     

Symbols Amid Xenophobic Policies

Symbols are a vital part of our everyday lives. We see them in our homes, in our workplaces, and in our communities. Symbols offer certain measures of beauty and comfort, predictability and reassurance. In times and settings of conflict, however, symbols do much more than that. Symbols can provide meaning for heartfelt convictions and direction for future actions. This article examines symbols used in a time and setting of very real conflict between church and state, particularly as such a conflict centered upon parochial education. The time is immediately before, during, and immediately after World War I. The state under study is Nebraska, as its citizens and officials competed with Lutheran denominations for the loyalty of resident parents and children.     

Transforming psychological practice and society. Policies that reflect the new paradigm

As people with disabilities challenge psychology to acknowledge the sociopolitical foundations of their marginalization, they urge psychologists to help improve disability policy within and beyond the borders of the discipline. Understanding disability through a social paradigm offers opportunities to reframe the way psychologists define problems related to disability, to develop more collaborative relationships between psychologists and people with disabilities, and to adopt new professional responsibilities with respect to the disability community. The authors address the impact of the social paradigm on policies within psychology that guide consulting, advocacy, and training. The impact of national policy decisions, such as those associated with reimbursement, on practice and training is also discussed. Highlighted throughout are points of controversy prompted by new disability frameworks that remain open to illumination from the field.     

临床决策与卫生政策

从讨论趋利性临床决策与泛企业化卫生政策的共同作用是造成我国医改失败的根本原因入手,在对3个典型案例进行深入剖析的基础上,论证了临床决策和卫生政策相互依存、相互作用的基本关系;研究了临床决策与卫生政策的决策主体、影响因素、决策过程、信息反馈、关系调整的循环路径;认为完善决策机制是保证临床决策和卫生政策正确有效的必要条件,提出了进一步完善临床决策和卫生政策的决策机制的具体意见和建议。     

Policies and perspectives on authorship

Authorship on publications has been described as a “meal ticket” for researchers in academic settings. Given the importance of authorship, inappropriate publication credit is a pertinent ethical issue. This paper presents an overview of authorship problems and policies intended to address them. Previous work has identified three types of inappropriate authorship practices: plagiarism, giving unwarranted credit and failure to give expected credit. Guidelines from universities, journals and professional organizations provide standards about requirements of authors and may describe inappropriate practices; to a lesser extent, they provide guidance for determining authorship order. While policies on authorship may be helpful in some circumstances, they are not panaceas. Formal guidelines may not address serious power imbalances in working relationships and may be difficult to enforce in the face of particular departmental or institutional cultures. In order to develop more effective and useful guidelines, we should gain more knowledge about how students and faculty members perceive policies as well as their understanding of how policies will best benefit collaborators.     

英国艾德里工党政府的福利政策

艾德里工党政府是英国福利国家的奠基者,1946年的《国民保险法》和《国民医疗保健法》是英国福利国家初步形成的标志.福利国家的构想和艾德里政府的福利政策迎合了战后英国人的需求,但在具体实施过程中的困难和障碍也部分预示着福利政策本身也可能成为双刃剑.     

临床决策与卫生政策

从讨论趋利性临床决策与泛企业化卫生政策的共同作用是造成我国医改失败的根本原因入手,在对3个典型案例进行深入剖析的基础上,论证了临床决策和卫生政策相互依存、相互作用的基本关系;研究了临床决策与卫生政策的决策主体、影响因素、决策过程、信息反馈、关系调整的循环路径;认为完善决策机制是保证临床决策和卫生政策正确有效的必要条件,提出了进一步完善临床决策和卫生政策的决策机制的具体意见和建议.     

The Inter-Relations of Political Attitudes: I. Attitudes toward Candidates and Specific Policies

Abstract

Australian subjects (N = 171) rated 110 personality-trait words on their desirability as personality characteristics. The rank order, mean ratings, and standard deviations of the words were tabulated and were discussed against Anderson's (1968) American list of likableness ratings.     

The Duty to Support Nationalistic Policies

We demonstrate that citizens perceive a duty to support policies that benefit their nation, even when they themselves judge that the consequences of the policies will be worse on the whole, taking outsiders into account. In terms of actions, subjects think they would do their perceived duty rather than violate it for the sake of better consequences. The discrepancy between duty and judged consequences does not seem to result from self‐interest alone. When asked for reasons, many subjects felt an obligation to help their fellow citizens before others, and they also thought that they owed something to their nation, in return for what it did for them. The obligation to help fellow citizens was the strongest predictor of perceived duty. In an experiment with Israeli and Palestinian students, group membership affected both perceived overall consequences and duty, but the effect of group on perceived consequences did not account for the effect on perceived duty. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论教育政策程序公正

教育政策程序公正是指在制定与实施教育政策的过程中,按照合理的顺序、方式与步骤,以有效实现公共教育利益的行动秩序总和.教育政策程序公正是实现教育政策结果公正的理性考量,同时,更是对掌握公共教育权力的政策主体行为的一种必要约束.一般而言,教育政策程序公正包括:多方参与、平等对待、公开透明、价值"中立"、程序自治与科学合理等基本要求.     

American Identity and Attitudes Toward Official-English Policies

This article analyzes the relationship between each of three conceptions of American identity—liberalism, civic republicanism, and ethnoculturalism—and support for declaring English the official language and printing election ballots only in English. Focus group discussions showed that these conceptions provide a common means of discourse for talking about language conflicts and ethnic change, and that the civic republican conception of American identity is a particularly important factor in the opinion formation process. Although all three conceptions help people to decide whether they think English should be the official language, they are not consistently associated with support for or opposition to restrictive language policies. How individuals interpret these images of national identity also shapes the direction of their preferences.     

Examining the Potential Exploitation of UNOS Policies

The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) waiting list was designed as a just and equitable system through which the limited number of organs is allocated to the millions of Americans in need of a transplant. People have trusted the system because of the belief that everyone on the list has an equal opportunity to receive an organ and also that allocation is blind to matters of financial standing, celebrity or political power. Recent events have revealed that certain practices and policies have the potential to be exploited. The policies addressed in this paper enable those on the list with the proper resources to gain an advantage over other less fortunate members, creating a system that benefits not the individual most in medical need, but the one with the best resources. These policies are not only unethical but threaten the balance and success of the entire UNOS system. This paper proposes one possible solution, which seeks to balance the concepts of justice and utility.

     

Evolution of Family Policies in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone

We examined the development of family policy in post-conflict Sierra Leone. The article begins with a review of the history of family policies in Sierra Leone in the context of the country’s recent turbulence and the challenges faced by the legal system in consistently addressing the needs of family members. We then discuss recent post-conflict government initiatives aimed at supporting and enhancing the well being of Sierra Leonean families. The article concludes with recommendations, for government and nongovernment organizations (international and local), as well as clinicians and researchers, aimed at protecting and promoting the family as an institution in which the needs of both the family unit and its individual members are met.