On the Origins of Critical Realism

Critical realism has been used in connection with different epistemological positions. The article reviews its different uses in German, American, and British philosophy and examines its relation to Barbour's introduction of the term in the science and theology debate. The result is that there is a close connection to scientific realism, but not to philosophical critical realism in a narrower sense. Critical realism is a type of realism defining the term in Kant's sense as related to the question of the existence of the tempospatial world. It distinguishes itself as a middle way between naïve realism and other extremes.     

On the Origins and Goals of Religious Development

The positing of religious development, especially in the form of progressive and irreversible stages, requires the assumption of religion-specific dispositions or structures as well as of particular end-states representing the fullest realization of the inborn potential. It is difficult to say, however, of what these rarely observed end-states consist. Furthermore, the construction of these states requires the imposition of certain philosophical and theological views, thus undermining any claims for universality. Truly to comprehend religious change, we must develop new theories that more fully take into account the diversity of the world's religious traditions and the complexity of the factors that shape individual faith.     

Contraction: On the Decision-Theoretical Origins of Minimal Change and Entrenchment

We present a decision-theoretically motivated notion of contraction which, we claim, encodes the principles of minimal change and entrenchment. Contraction is seen as an operation whose goal is to minimize loses of informational value. The operation is also compatible with the principle that in contracting A one should preserve the sentences better entrenched than A (when the belief set contains A). Even when the principle of minimal change and the latter motivation for entrenchment figure prominently among the basic intuitions in the works of, among others, Quine and Ullian (1978), Levi (1980, 1991), Harman (1988) and Gärdenfors (1988), formal accounts of belief change (AGM, KM – see Gärdenfors (1988); Katsuno and Mendelzon (1991)) have abandoned both principles (see Rott (2000)). We argue for the principles and we show how to construct a contraction operation, which obeys both. An axiom system is proposed. We also prove that the decision-theoretic notion of contraction can be completely characterized in terms of the given axioms. Proving this type of completeness result is a well-known open problem in the field, whose solution requires employing both decision-theoretical techniques and logical methods recently used in belief change.     

论抗战时期蒋介石民族主义思想的渊源和特点

抗战时期 ,蒋介石的民族主义思想主要渊源于中国传统文化及中国近代 ,特别是孙中山的民族主义思想 ,集专制性、保守性、爱国性等多种特点于一身。这些特点决定了它与中国共产党人的民族观能在抗击民族敌人的共同目标下结合起来。然而 ,这两种观点之间却存在着较大的分歧 ,从而又决定了二者的结合只能是短暂的 ,它们的最终分裂却是不可避免的。     

从数字卦和卦象看《周易》的成书

<周易>的象有悠久的历史,其源头可追溯到上古文献<三坟>.卜筮在商朝时已成熟,早在商朝时就有官方易学和民间易学之分,所谓组成数字卦的数字应该是符号而不是筮数,在<周易>之前有<商易>,<商易>是商代巫咸结合远古文化与筮数而成.在商周时期有官方<易>和民间<易>,<周易>是对商代官方易学<商易>亦即<坤乾>的损益.从各种文献看,今传本<周易>的成书是比较晚的,<周易>形成后有很多不同的传本,亦有义理<周易>和卜筮<周易>之分.     

Origins of the ethical attitude

This paper seeks to explore the genesis of the capacity for an ethical attitude, personally and professionally. As analysts working in intimate clinical settings, ethics is at the foundation of our professional lives, as it is at the foundation of our humanity and what it is we struggle towards in our own personal development. The ethical attitude presupposes special responsibilities that we choose to adopt in relation to another. Thus, a parallel situation pertains between caregiver and child and between analyst and patient: they are not equal partners, but nevertheless are in a situation of mutuality, shared subjectivity, and reciprocal influence. The basic premise of this paper is that the analytic attitude is an ethical attitude, and that the ethical attitude is a developmental achievement, and as such it may reach beyond the depressive position.     

论体育的人道原则

本文分析了当今我国体育中所普遍存在的反人道现象。指出应该依据“使人自由”和“消除异化”两个正负原则,还体育以本来面貌,实现体育于人的自我完善与自由文化本质属性。     

谶纬“河图”、“洛书”中神话意象诠释

谶纬“河图”、“洛书”神话,是在原始思维的集体记忆的基础上,发挥玄想,以象立意.根据受众的不同,可以将其分为政治、民生两类.从诠释发生的角度、诠释方式和诠释功能而言,谶纬“河图”、“洛书”与《周易》有异曲同工之妙.谶纬“河图”、“洛书”中的神话意象和意境,看似为非理性的构思,实为理性智慧的阐发,它阐释的重点是儒家仁政学说和民本思想,展现了汉儒的普世精神和政治诉求.     

对特质起源信念的研究

特质起源信念研究是近年来内隐特质信念研究的新热点。本研究选取216名被试(5岁、7岁、9岁、13岁、19岁、65岁组各36名)为样本．采用“出生时意外互换”故事法探查其特质起源信念(天性信念或教养信念)发展。结果表明：(1)特质类型方面,心理特质被认为比混合特质和生理特质更多受教养影响。(2)特质性质方面,消极特质被认为比积极特质更多受教养影响。(3)特质起源信念年龄差异显著,7—8岁是重要过渡期。     

The Origins of the Anaphoral Benedictus

This paper presents evidence for the Benedictus following theSanctus having been introduced first in Jerusalem in the Liturgyof St James. The structure and variety of the Benedictus areexamined, along with theories of Jewish and Antiochene originin relation to the Apostolic Constitutions. A fifth-centuryJerusalem homily provides the first evidence for the Mattheanform, subsequently contained in all versions of the Liturgyof St James and which becomes normative for nearly all eucharistictraditions. The conclusion distinguishes between the originsof the idea of the anaphoral Benedictus and the origins of itsform. The idea of a ‘blessed be’ acclamation afterthe Sanctus may well lie in Jewish traditions, but the originsof its form lie in the Palm Sunday acclamation of fourth-centuryJerusalem.     

On Dean Keith Simonton's Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to examine Korean elementary teachers' understanding of creativity, in particular those who teach the gifted students. Facilitating creativity was one of the major goals in gifted education in Korea, and teachers' role was considered to be crucial in achieving this goal. Forty-two elementary teachers were surveyed with an open-ended questionnaire to identify their understanding of creativity. Their answers were analyzed based on cognitive, personal, and environmental components of creativity. Teachers who mentioned all three components were recognized to have a balanced view. However, one third of the teachers had a biased view, mentioning only 1 component. Many had an intermediate view, mentioning 2 components. Preference for the cognitive component, the disregard of the personal component, and the partial understanding of the environmental component were also discovered. To successfully facilitate creativity in gifted education, teachers' balanced view is essential. Thus the personal component and the environmental component should be emphasized to improve their understanding.     

石窟造像中文殊菩萨形象的演变

文殊菩萨作为大乘佛教中最重要的菩萨之一,在石窟造像中不同时期有不同的变化,特别是北朝和隋唐两个时期变化很大。通过对北朝至隋唐的石窟造像中文殊菩萨式样变化的梳理,概括文殊菩萨形象的不同式样及其产生和演变过程。     

试论易学象数起源与《周易》文本形成

<正>数字卦研究涉及到考古学、文字学、历史学、数学等多方面内容,是易学研究中难度较大的一个课题。本文主要通过梳理和解读出土发现的数字卦及前贤已有的成果,说明易学象数起源及其在《周易》文本形成过程中的价值和意义。     

略论刘一明《西游原旨》对卦爻象的运用

刘一明所著《西游原旨》,以"金丹大道"贯通全书,是清代《西游记》研究的集大成之作.由于"金丹"之道的理论基础是《周易参同契》所构建的象数易理体系,因此,揭示《西游记》与象数易理的内在关系,成为刘一明《西游原旨》的核心内容.本文从"人"、"名"、"数"、"事"四个方面,对《西游原旨》中卦爻象的运用进行了简要分析,以期弥补这方面研究的空白.     

来知德易象说及其意义

论文从易学起源、易学本质、象辞关系、象理关系论述了来知德以易象为核心的易学思想.来知德易学提出易起源于象、舍象不可以言易、立象系辞、假象寓理,确立了易象在易学研究中的地位,批判了王弼和宋明儒者重理不重象的倾向.来氏的"假象寓理",不仅有以象为本、无象则无理的意义,也内涵以象为工具、以彰显理为易学归宿的意蕴."主宰者理",是言理主宰世界一切,易象只是理解和解释义理的工具而已,以此克服了汉儒将易学研究局限在易象层面的倾向.来知德从无象则无易到假象寓理、主宰者理,完成由象数到义理、由天道到人道的论证,阐发了以太极或理为本体、贯通天人的义理之学,从而与宋代程朱易学和明代以阐发程朱易学为宗旨的官学易学区别开来.来氏虽提出了许多不同于程朱易学的观点,但在许多方面仍未超越程朱易学.同时,来氏错综理论以至其整个易学,也吸收了汉儒互体之说、京房八宫说、虞翻卦变与旁通说、孔颖达非覆即变说等象数思想.     

Images of the Abyss

Images of the abyss in traditional Christian theology and psychology are generally symbolic of hell, destruction, or death. Here, the notion of abyss is regarded afresh through the experiences of Jacob Boehme, the 17^th century German shoemaker and mystic, and Carl Jung, the 20^th century Swiss psychoanalyst. Boehme's pre-existent abyss, which he called the Ungrund, or un-ground, and saw as underlying all of creation, even God, relates to the unitary reality of Jung's Self. The Self is before the beginning of the individual human psyche and also its ultimate goal in terms of psychological life.