Digital Piracy: An Examination of Three Measurements of Self-Control

Research has shown a link between digital piracy and self-control. However, the research focuses on only one version of self-control theory. The purpose of the present study is to examine the link between self-control and digital piracy. Using data from 358 college students, this study shows that all 3 measures of self-control help us understand the link between self-control and digital piracy. The results indicate that illuminating the factors that could be inhibitions and developing strong social bonds can reduce the likelihood of digital piracy.     

青少年社会支持与攻击的关系:自尊、自我控制的链式中介作用

采用社会支持系统量表、自尊量表、自我控制量表、攻击量表对重庆市某中学559名青少年进行调查,再次验证自尊与攻击的关系,并探讨自我控制在社会支持、自尊和攻击间的中介作用以及自尊和自我控制在青少年社会支持和攻击间的链式中介作用。结果显示：（1）社会支持、自尊和自我控制与攻击之间呈显著负相关;（2）自我控制在社会支持与攻击、自尊与攻击关系间均起着完全中介作用;（3）自尊与自我控制在社会支持与攻击关系间起着链式中介作用。因此,社会支持、自尊、自我控制是青少年攻击的重要影响因素,社会支持除了能直接影响青少年的攻击外,还可以通过自尊、自我控制的链式中介作用间接影响其攻击水平。     

大学生自我控制研究

时代进步呼唤自强精神,大学教育强调自我教育,个人发展需要自我管理。本研究以大学生为对象,探讨自强精神、自我教育、自我管理的共同关键即自我控制。在文献研究的基础上,创新提出了一种整合的自我控制自组织理论构想。通过开放式问卷调查、团体焦点问题访谈、结构式问卷调查和结构方程建模等实证分析,揭示了大学生自我控制内部要素、因素及其相互作用机制．总体上印证了理论构想。结论：自我控制是以自我为主体,在由生命圈、社会圈和字宙圈组成的立体三维时空中,以个人身心和行为、外在环境和事件为对象,以实现个人、社会和字宙内外和谐发展为原则目标的,自我觉醒、自我规划、自我执行、自我评估、自我激励、自我校正的动态阴阳变化自组织系统。该研究提出的理论及模型,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

Trait self-control and beliefs about the utility of emotions for initiatory and inhibitory self-control

How do people with high trait self-control achieve their success? This research aimed to investigate beliefs about emotion utility as a potential mechanism. Specifically, because beliefs about the utility of emotions predict emotion regulation and successful performance, we investigate the hypothesis that trait self-control influences beliefs about the utility of emotions for self-control. Two preregistered studies examined whether beliefs about the utility of emotions in everyday self-control situations varied depending on the person (trait self-control) and the situation (initiatory or inhibitory self-control). Our key finding was that people considered positive emotions more useful for self-control than negative emotions. This effect was also moderated by situational and individual factors, such that positive emotions were considered especially useful by participants with high trait self-control and in situations requiring initiatory self-control (with the opposite effect for negative emotions). This research suggests a potential role for instrumental emotion regulation in self-control success.     

the impacts of self-control and social bonds on juvenile delinquency in a national sample of midadolescents

This study examines the effects of self-control and social bonds on delinquent behavior in a nationally representative sample. It is proposed that both self-control and social bonds affect delinquency and that the effects of these factors interact with each other. These hypotheses were tested in a regression model controlling for race, gender, delinquent association, and illegitimate opportunity. As predicted, low self-control is positively related to juvenile delinquency while social bonds are negatively related to delinquency. Some of the interaction terms between self-control and social bonds significantly impact delinquency, suggesting that the effects of self-control and social control are interdependent.     

Building self-control strength: Practicing self-control leads to improved self-control performance

Self-control performance may be improved by the regular practice of small acts of self-control.Ninety-two adults’ self-control capacity was assessed using the stop signal paradigm before they started practicing self-control and again at the end of 2 weeks. Participants who practiced self-control by cutting back on sweets or squeezing a handgrip exhibited significant improvement in stop signal performance relative to those who practiced tasks that did not require self-control. Participants who did not practice self-control believed that the tasks should improved self-control, engaged in tasks that were effortful and made self-control salient, but did not actually require self-control. Supplemental analyses suggested that only practicing self-control built self-control capacity; the improved outcomes cannot be explained by self-fulfilling prophecies, increased self-efficacy or awareness of self-control. The results may have implications for understanding the development of self-control in both children and adults, as well as clinical implications for treating disorders that involve low self-control.     

Autonomous Self-Control is Less Depleting

Autonomously motivated self-control may be less depleting than extrinsically motivated self-control. Participants were asked to not eat cookies and their motivation orientation for resisting that temptation was assessed. Their self-control performance was assessed immediately before and after fighting the temptation. As compared to their baseline performance, participants who avoided eating the cookies for more autonomous reasons performed better at the second measure relative to participants who did not eat for more extrinsic reasons. Mood, arousal, and demographic factors were not related to self-control performance and feelings of autonomy. Overall, it appears that feeling compelled to exert self-control may deplete more strength than having more freedom when exerting self-control. The results may increase our understanding of how self-control strength and feelings of autonomy interact.     

If you are able to control yourself, I will trust you: the role of perceived self-control in interpersonal trust

The present research tested the hypothesis that perception of others' self-control is an indicator of their trustworthiness. The authors investigated whether, in interactions between strangers as well as in established relationships, people detect another person's self-control, and whether this perception of self-control, in turn, affects trust. Results of 4 experiments supported these hypotheses. The first 2 experiments revealed that participants detected another person's trait of self-control. Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that participants also detected the temporary depletion of another person's self-control. Confirming the authors' predictions, perceived trait and state self-control, in turn, influenced people's judgment of the other person's trustworthiness. In line with previous research, these findings support the positive value of self-control for relationships and highlight the role of perceived self-control for the development of a fundamental relationship factor: trust.     

情绪自我控制发展的影响因素

情绪自我控制是儿童发展的重要能力,现已成为情绪、动机和发展心理学研究的重要问题.文章通过对现有文献的梳理,提供认识情绪自我控制发展的脉络,并结合已有研究,阐述影响情绪自我控制发展的内外因素.最后,分析了现有研究存在的问题,提出了未来研究发展的方向.     

自我控制行为中的情绪因素

对冲动行为的控制及失控(放任)会产生不同的情绪结果,并形成两种自我控制的两难:失控后可能产生的愉悦与内疚、成功自控后可能产生的自豪与遗憾。自控行为-情绪结果的联结,使个体能自发地基于预期情绪选择当前行为。情绪预测会受到情境、个体差异等的影响,并有一定的误差。     

高自控与低自控儿童的控制归因、自控期望比较研究

采用问卷法,对小学3～5年级179名高自控和188名低自控儿童的控制归因、自控期望特征进行比较研究。研究结果表明;(1)高自控儿童易做内归因,低自控儿童易做外归因;随年龄增长,儿童内归因的准确性提高;男生比女生更易采用外归因,内归因的性别差异不显著。(2)高自控儿童自控期望高,低自控儿童自控期望低;随年龄增长,儿童的自控期望增强;各年级男生都比女生自控期望低,儿童中低自控男生自控期望最低。     

幼儿自我控制能力发展的研究

运用因素分析、评价与实验的方法,编制“幼儿自我控制能力发展教师评定问卷”,探讨幼儿自我控制能力的结构及幼儿自我控制的年龄差异和性别差异,研究结果表明:(1)“幼儿自我控制能力发展教师评定问卷”具有较高的信度和效度;(2)幼儿自我控制能力包括自制力、自觉性、坚持性、自我延迟满足;(3)幼儿自我控制能力随年龄的增长而呈上升趋势;(4)幼儿自我控制能力存在明显的性别差异。     

学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定问卷的编制及其结构验证

目的:编制学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定问卷并对其结构进行验证。方法:在理论分析和开放式问卷调查的基础上,编制了学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定问卷,并采用探索性因素分析与验证性因素分析相结合的方法,分别对263名和387名学前儿童的自我控制行为进行结构的探索与验证。结果:学前儿童自我控制行为由独立性、自觉性、坚持性、自制力和自我延迟满足五个维度构成;学前儿童自我控制行为问卷具有较好的信效度,其结构在不同性别、城乡样本中具有稳定性。结论:学前儿童自我控制行为是一个五因素的结构,所编制的问卷可作为学前儿童自我控制行为家长评定的工具。     

The Role of Perspective Taking and Self-Control in a Preventive Intervention Targeting Childhood Disruptive Behavior

Prevention studies typically focus on outcome variables such as reductions in problem behavior, rather than targeted factors (e.g., cognitions), or the relation between change in targeted factors and outcomes. Therefore, the current study examined the effect of a targeted prevention program for childhood disruptive behavior on targeted factors (i.e., perspective taking and self-control) and associations between change in targeted factors and outcomes (i.e., aspects of disruptive behavior). The sample consisted of 173 children (Mage?=?10.2 years) who were randomly assigned to an intervention condition (n?=?70) or waitlist control condition (n?=?103). Assessment took place at pre-, post- and follow-up measurements. For ethical considerations, follow-up data was not available for children on the waitlist. Findings revealed a direct intervention effect on self-control. From pre-test to follow-up, children who received the intervention improved in perspective taking and self-control. Moreover, improvements in self-control were associated with and predicted reductions in teacher-reported symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder. No associations were found between changes in perspective taking and disruptive behavior. These findings suggest that self-control may be an important target factor in reducing childhood disruptive behavior in targeted prevention.

     

Counteractive self-control in overcoming temptation

How do anticipated short-term costs affect the likelihood of engaging in an activity that has long-term benefits. Five studies investigated the factors that determine (a) how anticipated short-term costs elicit self-control efforts and (b) how self-control efforts eventually diminish the influence of short-term costs on behavior. The studies manipulated short-term costs (e.g., painful medical procedures) and assessed a variety of self-control strategies (e.g., self-imposed penalties for failure to undergo a test). The results show that short-term costs elicit self-control strategies for self rather than others, before rather than after behavior. when long-term benefits are important rather than unimportant and when the costs are moderate rather than extremely small or large. The results also show that the self-control efforts help people act according to their long-term interests.     

自我控制与自我控制资源

自我控制是人适应社会的重要功能, 近十年来, 心理学家主要围绕有限自制力理论展开其研究。事实上, 用于自我控制的资源十分有限, 在它严重被消耗时会引发个体的自我衰竭, 这将对个体的情绪、认知及行为等方面都造成不良的影响。个体的情绪调节、思想抑制和分心控制等行为都可能导致其处于自我衰竭的状态, 但通过睡眠、放松或积极情绪诱导等方式则可有效促进自我控制资源的恢复。未来的研究需进一步明确自我衰竭的心理与生理机制, 并深入挖掘自我衰竭与其它影响自控行为的因素之间的内在关联。     

Parenting and Children's Self-Control: Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations

The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact parenting has on the development of self-control, both before and after the general theory of crime suggests self-control is established. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, longitudinal data from mothers with children ages 8–9 and 12–13 were analyzed via structural equation modeling. Results demonstrated an overall environment of effective parenting is associated with (1) self-control before and after it is theoretically established and (2) parenting constructs outside the conceptualization of the theory. Further, the stability of self-control may matter more than parenting in the longitudinal development of self-control.     

Factors Influencing Adolescents’ Self-control According to Family Structure

We compared factors influencing adolescents’ self-control according to their family structure. Participants were 944 adolescents in five cities in South Korea (115 from single-parent families, 65 from grandparent-led families, and 764 from two-parent families). Data were collected using self-report questionnaires containing items on self-control, stress, parenting attitude, parent–adolescent communication, and family cohesion. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regressions with SPSS program. The factors influencing adolescents’ self-control differed across the three family structure groups. For single-parent families, stress and parental attitudes were significantly related to adolescents’ self-control (adjusted R²?=?0.37, p?<?0.001). In contrast, for grandparent-led families, family cohesion and parental attitude were significantly related to adolescents’ self-control (adjusted R²?=?0.31, p?<?0.01), while for two-parent families, stress, parental attitude, and parent–adolescent communication were related to the outcome (adjusted R²?=?0.24, p?<?0.001). Parental attitude was thus a common factor relating to self-control, regardless of family structure. On the other hand, the main factors influencing adolescents with low self-control were gender and stress. Our results confirm that adolescents’ self-control is not only affected by personal factors but also by parental and family factors. It is important to improve individual program to improve adolescents’ self-control according to family structure. The results of study may act as a base for improving individual intervention programs aimed at promoting adolescents’ self-control by factoring in family structure.     

Self-Control and the Depression–Delinquency Link

Research has repeatedly documented the link between depression and delinquency; however, why they are associated remains less clear. Blending diverse research traditions in criminology and psychology, this study suggests that self-control may explain the depression–delinquency association. By conceptualizing self-control as a depletable resource influenced by internal factors, experiencing depressive symptoms may reduce self-control, which in turn increases delinquency. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) lend support for this proposition and suggest that self-control is an important explanatory factor in the depression–delinquency relationship. Specifically, the data show that depression is no longer associated with delinquency when self-control is taken into account and self-control explains more of the association than previous explanations combined.     

Self-Control: A Function of Knowing When and How to Exercise Restraint

ABSTRACT— To successfully pursue a goal in the face of temptation, an individual must first identify that she faces a self-control conflict. Only then will the individual exercise self-control to promote goal pursuit over indulging in temptation. We propose a new model that distinguishes between the problems of conflict identification and those of conflict resolution. We then review research on the factors that influence conflict identification and those that determine conflict resolution.