Les décisions d’orientation dépendent-elles des stéréotypes sociaux ? Sous quelles conditions ?

IntroductionIn this research we want to show that influence of social stereotypes linked to the social background on the students’ orientation is not a social fate that cannot be ignored but that there really are conditions that allow to reduce or even suppress those effects. The objective is to test the hypothesis according to which the seniority of the teachers, their type of professional commitment and the fact of working or not in an area earmarked for special educational assistance (prioritary education zone) must allow to significantly reduce the stereotypes effects on the academic judgment.MethodWithin the framework of an experimental research lead in school, we have asked high school teachers to express propositions of continuing studies as well as success predictions from ficticious student files reaching the end of high school. The results confirm that the bias generally observed in academic judgments are reduced in professors having a seniority above 5 years compared to the ones having a seniority lower than 5 years, those who have a strong work commitment, like the “self made persons” or “social activists” types, compared to those having a lower type of work commitment like the “self investors” or “careerists” types and those working in an area earmarked for special educational assistance (prioritary education zone) compared to those who work outside these areas.ConclusionThis research shows that factors likely to limit the effects of social background stereotypes on academic judgments do exist.     

Effet des représentations et des conditions d’activités sur l’épuisement professionnel des policiers français dans un contexte de réformes

The purpose of this article is (1) to test the hypothesis of the primacy of subjective factors (professional representations) compared to objective factors of activity (ratio of police to population and ratio of police to reported offences) and sociobiographic factors (age and seniority), in the determination of the professional exhaustion expressed by French policemen in the current context of administrative reforms. A determination of professional representations and professional exhaustion by the status of the policemen are also advanced (2). The empirical study (N=143) confirmed these expectations and allowed to engage a psychosocial analysis concerning identity issues connected to professional representations within the framework of politics of prevention of the police professional exhaustion.     

Évaluation de l’efficacité d’un traitement cognitif-comportemental pour le trouble d’anxiété généralisée combiné à des stratégies de régulation des émotions et d’acceptation et d’engagement expérientiel

The objective of this article is to examine the efficacy of a new cognitive-behavioral treatment, which combines emotion regulation strategies, and acceptance and commitment-based strategies to cognitive-behavioral supported treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A single-case multiple baseline design was used to measure the effect of a 19-week treatment on three participants. Semi-structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and daily self-monitoring were used to assess symptoms of GAD, general anxiety, depression, and quality of life. These instruments were administered at different times. At post-treatment, two out of the three participants showed a clinically significant improvement and no longer met GAD criteria. These results were maintained at the three-month follow-up. For the third participant, a considerable improvement was observed at the end of treatment but only reached clinical significance at the follow-up. The results of this study suggest that this type of treatment was effective in reducing anxiety and depression symptoms and in improving quality of life of GAD patients. Controlled studies involving bigger sample sizes are needed to determine the efficacy of this new treatment. Future research should also examine the separate and specific contribution of each therapy component in treatment efficacy.     

Conflit d’intérêts et déontologies : l’échec des déontologies existantes et l’improbable (?) succès de la loi

The increasing frequency with which health scandals have come to light since the 1980s has uncovered a great deal of unlawful behavior, both in the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession, as well as in the world of “experts” (or researchers), along with journalists and specialist media companies. These types of behavior have accumulated and combined to inhibit any reaction from government, thus preventing health policy from playing its role. The State has its share of responsibility in this failure, for having been unable to conserve the impartiality and effectiveness of its administrative actions: it must acknowledge this, which is a whole other problem. However, in the case in point, it is obvious that those texts which must have been breached to allow these health scandals to occur are almost exclusively the result of professional self-regulation, with a wide range of diverse legal values: ethics for the health professions, journalistic ethics, charters between the pharmaceutical industry and media companies, alongside scientific ethical charters. These texts are the result of regulations generated by the professions themselves, drafted to counteract conflicts of interest. The sheer number of cases highlights the failure of these self-regulatory measures, leading to legislation targeting the problem, in particular that of December 29, 2011, which strengthened monitoring in terms of conflicts of interest and penalties against those placing themselves in a conflict of interest situation. Will this legislation, in direct response to the so-called Mediator^® case, be able to succeed where self-regulation failed, swept away as it was by financial considerations? The arbitrations that characterized the drafting of this legislation and the resulting complexity, which affects the decrees, seem to promise many difficulties, particularly due to the scarcity of resources the authorities have to enforce it.     

Efficacité d’un feedback hebdomadaire sur la réduction du poids des ordures ménagères résiduelles

Introduction

Historically focused on waste sorting, waste management recently integrates its complementary components: reuse and reduction.

L’attitude défaitiste des responsables d’équipe : un frein à l’innovation?

The goal of this study is to investigate the role of defeatist attitude in regard to process innovation by considering the mediating role of group potency and the moderating effect of collective autonomy. Data was gathered from 101 work teams (381 members and 101 immediate supervisors) in a public safety organization located in Canada. Results show that group potency may have a mediating role in the relationship between defeatist attitude and process innovation. Moreover, results indicate that the relationship between group potency and process innovation is moderated by collective autonomy, such that this relationship is stronger when the level of collective autonomy is high.     

Éléments de validité de contenu des questionnaires d’intérêts Inforizon et exploration de dimensions sous-jacentes à l’organisation de facteurs d’intérêts

This study concerns the confirmatory factorial analysis test of the correspondence between a theory of the definition of the interests proposed in a list of factors and the responses from 5304 subjects in two self-evaluation questionnaires. The questionnaires were provided by a professional advice and support IT tool, Inforizon. It allows the user to explore professional worlds, according to his particular interests. The principles at work are designed to overcome difficulties regularly encountered in the use of interest scores. The empirical structure of the responses to the questionnaires appears to be compatible with the definition model. A second stage is the exploratory research of the explanatory and parsimonious dimensions of the approximately circular organisation of the interest factors.     

Quand les technologies s’incarnent dans l’activité : le cas des réseaux sociaux numériques d’entreprise

Our aim to identify factors which support use or provide rejection for “regular” but non intensive Enterprise Social Network (ESN) users. From UTAUT model, we propose to adapt social context evaluation by fixing attention on professional stake and context. Our results show partial benefits for the tool in professional activity. Even if these results are able to explain user disaffection, it also questions ESN as the structuring artefact.     

Évolutions récentes de la responsabilité pour défaut d’information

It is wrongly that one would think that the question of the information due by the physician to the patient is not likely of any further developments. Four recent rulings provide the perfect illustration and lead to consider that this duty to inform has attained a genuine autonomy. In some instances, the compensation arising out of the failure to inform may depart from the strict framework of loss of chance in which many believed it was confined to.     

L’insertion professionnelle des enseignants débutants au Québec

With an aim of checking if educational circles took into account the professional induction of their beginning teachers, in the context of the renewed teacher educational formation, we investigated the working experience of newly graduated high-school teachers from University of Montreal in the years 1998-1999-2000. This study also tries to see if the renewed teacher educational formation inaugurated in 1994 plays a facilitating role in the beginning high school teachers’ induction and if professional exhaustion is part of their problems. The results obtained indicate that 94 % (N=165 out of 176) of the beginners participating in our study considered to have succeeded in their professional insertion. Most of them find their initial formation adequate. They say to be especially satisfied of the quantity and quality of the training courses and state that their formation covers well the various aspects of the actual teacher’s task. Beginners also find that school Commissions should greatly improve their facilitating measures of professional insertion. The results of the investigation showed that the professional insertion of the beginners is more difficult in the absence of helping measures. Finally, although the majority of beginners complain about the heaviness of their task, the investigation reveals that professional exhaustion does not play a part in the success or failure of their induction.     

Méthode d’évaluation des risques psychosociaux auprès de travailleurs déficients intellectuels

While current regulation imposes to take into account psychosocial risks, their evaluation among workers with intellectual disabilities is still lacking. In order to develop an adapted tool, a language skills test was combined with the perception of work situations. Then, an ergonomic analysis was used to confirm the answers to the questionnaire. In a second phase of the study, the questionnaire was tested among a sample of 85 workers with intellectual disabilities. Data collected attested the relevance of this tool by accurately revealing workers’ feelings about their working environment. This study constitutes a first step in the psychosocial risk assessment process for workers with intellectual disabilities.     

L’évolution des normes face au développement des objets de santé connectés

A lot of connected objects can be sold on the Internet and in some general stores. These products can be used in a health environment; they can help to promote a healthy lifestyle. But they do not always have a well determined legal status, that is established to protect the patients or the healthcare professionals. The connected objects can support innovation. They can become an essential help for the patients and the healthcare professionals, nevertheless they can be at the origin of physical injuries, if they are badly used.     

Avoir recours à du répit : regards sur la prise de décision des parents d’un enfant gravement malade

To address important medical, psychological and social issues, the concept of respite recently developed in Belgium. The service offered by the Villa Indigo in Brussels allows parents to recover from stressful situations while promoting the well-being of their seriously ill children. Noting the parents’ high level of exhaustion when they first contact us, we decided to study the factors that influence their decision to access respite services. The results of ten exploratory interviews conducted with parents of children who have already stayed at Villa Indigo highlight the complexity of their decision, which is influenced by a variety of factors, such as familial support, tiredness and information about respite care, as well as dynamic representations of themselves, their seriously ill children and the concept of respite care. Once they have overcome their initial reluctance to ask for respite care, the benefits are tangible for both the parents and their children, and future stays are rapidly organized.     

Embolie gazeuse cérébrale lors d’une séance d’hémodialyse : aspects médico-légaux : à propos d’une affaire judiciaire

Air embolism is a serious iatrogenic event, concerning many invasive medical therapies. It is a rare but life-threatening adverse event. We report a case of a cerebral air embolism occurring during a renal replacement therapy. We report the case of a court case analyzed in the Department of Legal Medicine of Farhat Hached University Hospital in Sousse, Tunisia, related to a cerebral gas embolism occurring during a session of renal replacement therapy. Then we discuss the medical liability of the medical team involved in this act. Through a draft organic law (law No. 41/2019 on patients’ rights and medical liability), Tunisian jurisprudence aims at resolving legal claims in the field of medical liability by providing more opportunities for an amicable solution and by guaranteeing an adequate and quick compensation of the damage suffered.     

Le contentieux de la régularité externe des décisions rendues par les juridictions ordinales des médecins

In the event of irregular composition of the ordinal jurisdiction or omission of certain compulsory particulars in the decision rendered, the parties may challenge the external regularity of the decision. The pleas based on the contested decisions are formal and procedural defects. If successful, these means result in the annulment of the decision ordering the doctor to be disciplined. These means constitute a separated legal cause and can only be invoked within the time limit for appeal, unless they are of public order.