Les déterminants du décrochage dans l’enseignement secondaire : une revue de littérature

IntroductionDropping out of school is a research topic with various dimensions: non-graduation, school leaving, absenteeism, school failure and school refusal. It involves processes determined by various factors – individual, social, familial and institutional. Individual determinants have specifically been studied in the recent literature. They involve demographic and academic indicators, behaviors, attitudes and mental health of the student, as well as specific types of school refusal. The aim of our study is to update knowledge in this specific field, and highlight underlying problems and methodological issues raised in the literature.MethodDropping out of school is defined as leaving school without a qualification. It involves a process of specific disengagement, which is non-reducible to the negative counterpart of school commitment. The present article is a review of literature from PsycInfo on the individual determinants of dropping out of school. It is based on 50 articles published between 2010 and 2017, related to the following topics: school dropouts, school leavers, school refusal, and academic failure. Five exclusion criteria were used: studies with single factor analysis, literature review, sample excluding secondary education, sample of less than n = 100, non-general, non-mixed, or composed of a sociodemographic minority.ResultsSchool performance and early risk behaviors (substance use disorders, sexuality) remain the best determinants of dropping out throughout the duration of schooling. Psychopathological factors, anxiety, depression and externalized disorders can play a direct or indirect role in the prediction of dropping out. Lack of psycho-emotional support strongly supports the intention to drop out. Motivation has an unequal predictive value, depending on the type of construct or theoretical model used. Inappropriate beliefs, low self-esteem, pessimism, creativity appear as indirect determinants of dropping out. School burnout, understood as emotional, physical and mental exhaustion due to education, directly causes a break between the student and the school.DiscussionMethodological bias can modify the significance of determinants such as gender, academic achievement and retention. Greater knowledge about the relationships between determinants, the profiles of at-risk students and temporalities should help clarify students’ trajectories and the processes at work in different school contexts. Recommendations to educational staff are put forward regarding the detection of individual indicators of dropping out.     

Intérêts et limites de l’utilisation d’une méthodologie mixte : à propos d’une recherche en psychologie de la santé

Recently, the health social sciences, like some fields of psychology, have progressively adopted qualitative methods, particularly in English-speaking countries. When they come in addition to quantitative methods, they are called “mixed methodologies”. Among other reasons, these approaches suffer nonetheless of a lack of acknowledgement because of a still topical debate opposing the positivist-objectivist and the constructivist paradigms. Another reason to this lack of acknowledgement is due to the fact that several authors explain the use of a mixed methodology according to pragmatic arguments. The authors of this paper briefly present these debates and their pertinence in health psychology research and try to overcome them by showing that it is possible to make mixed methodologies fall within a constructivist approach. Their proposal is exemplified through a research work about organ donation decision led in Switzerland. Actually, this research embed multiple and complex factors that offer an appropriated ground for the use of a mixed methodology, qualitative and quantitative.     

Embolie gazeuse cérébrale lors d’une séance d’hémodialyse : aspects médico-légaux : à propos d’une affaire judiciaire

Air embolism is a serious iatrogenic event, concerning many invasive medical therapies. It is a rare but life-threatening adverse event. We report a case of a cerebral air embolism occurring during a renal replacement therapy. We report the case of a court case analyzed in the Department of Legal Medicine of Farhat Hached University Hospital in Sousse, Tunisia, related to a cerebral gas embolism occurring during a session of renal replacement therapy. Then we discuss the medical liability of the medical team involved in this act. Through a draft organic law (law No. 41/2019 on patients’ rights and medical liability), Tunisian jurisprudence aims at resolving legal claims in the field of medical liability by providing more opportunities for an amicable solution and by guaranteeing an adequate and quick compensation of the damage suffered.     

Les espaces de coworking,une alternative crédible au domicile comme lieu de télétravail ? Premiers éléments issus d’une enquête exploratoire par entretiens

This exploratory study aimed at identifying which factors affect employees’ intention to use a coworking space as a place to telework. Twenty individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees who telework on a regular basis, including eight coworking space users. The analysis of the interviews shows that the participants perceive the opportunity to meet new people, to gain productivity and to have access to a better working comfort as a major benefit of teleworking in a coworking space compared to teleworking at home. However, the cost of the membership and the concern about increased commuting time were found to be factors that strongly impacted participants’ intention to use a coworking space as a telework location.     

Pratiquer l’analyse interprétative phénoménologique : intérêts et illustration dans le cadre de l’enquête psychosociale par entretiens de recherche

Introduction

Interpretative phenomenological analysis is a qualitative discourse analysis method that has sprung up much research in psychology over the past 20 years. Grounded in phenomenology, idiography and hermeneutics, this research strategy strongly suits the understanding of individuals lived experience and their sense making of life events.

Deux cadres méthodo-épistémologiques du testing structurant la construction et l’adaptation de tests,références incontournables mais,hélas,largement ignorées. Illustration à partir de cinq revues françaises de psychologie

The purpose of this article is to present two current methodo-epistemological frameworks for test and testing procedures, namely the Standards for Education and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, NCME, 2014), and the ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (2017). These two frameworks were designed to serve as “universal” references shaping the construction and adaptation of psychological tests and scales. However, a review of articles published in five French journals shows that these two frameworks are largely ignored. Their dissemination could improve good practices in construction and cross-cultural adaptation of psychological tests and scales.     

Prévention des risques psychosociaux au sein d’établissements publics d’enseignement agricole : quand le diagnostic organisationnel participe d’une amélioration de la qualité de vie au travail

The aim of this article is to show that a diagnosis of psychosocial risks based on a mixed and participative methodology contributes to improving the quality of life at work. It is based on a “Quality of life at work” approach set up within a public educational institution for agricultural studies. The quantitative part includes the Job Content Questionnaire by Karasek, Siegrist's Effort/Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Negative Acts Questionnaire (revised) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale from Zigmond and Snaith. The qualitative part is based on focus group discussions. Results have brought to light the groups of employees which are most exposed to risks, especially those in the “school life” sector. They also show that lack of recognition, support and communication are problems experienced by all the staff members of the school. In order to enhance employees’ quality of life within the working environment, a multitude of co-constructed “tailor-made” ways and means of improvement have been suggested. The study shows how the selected methodology contributes to the quality of the diagnosis.     

Élaboration d’une représentation des comportements contre-productifs dans les équipes dirigeantes d’organisations

Despite the important role top management teams play in the success of organizations, counterproductive behaviors taking place in those teams remain unrepresented in literature. This qualitative, inductive, and exploratory study aims to develop a representation of potentially harmful behavior to top management team functioning. Interview has been conducted with eight retreated top management team members. Following a thematic analysis, counterproductive behaviors were identified and organized in seven distinct patterns of behaviors. This study offers a representation of counterproductive behavior specific to top management teams, which was lacking in scientific and professional literature. Interventions from the top management teams’ leaders and consultants are discussed.     

Comment dépasser le constat d’un niveau de performance à un test de raisonnement ? Exemple d’une épreuve

To answer one of the criticisms most often formulated about the logical reasoning tests, i.e. characterizing the persons only on their global score, we have created a test aiming to take into account two other types of individual differences: the success profile and the errors. From the use of such a test on 562 persons, the results analysis confirm that our test allows both to collect information and to calculate specific indicators on these two aspects of the performance. The discussion topic turns on the advantage of such approaches.     

La gestion des émotions et ses déficits,chez les personnes atteintes de douleur chronique : une revue systématisée des études relatives à l’alexithymie, à l’intelligence émotionnelle, à la régulation émotionnelle et au coping

The goal of this review is to synthesize the data of scientific literature on emotional management and its deficits in chronic pain. We used terms referenced in databases and MesH terms (of the United States National Library of Medicine) to perform a literature search in a powerful online search engine (EBSCOhost research databases). Four hundred and forty-nine papers, taken from international reviews and published of 1994 (because it is in the middle of the 1990s that this theme begins to be handle) to the end of January, 2015, are identified by a total 5 electronic databases with predefined keywords about emotions and chronic pain. Forty-six of which met the inclusion criteria, according to their title, their summary and their complete text. The findings suggest that some emotional management strategies and its deficits can maintain a vicious circle of negative emotional states with physiological and psychopathological consequences. Several studies show that alexithymia, emotional ambivalence and emotional suppression have a deleterious impact on pain, emotional distress (depression, anxiety) and disability. In spite of some contradictions concerning the nature of this effect (sensory or affective pain intensity or even duration of pain), it seems that alexithymia is a major variable implied in chronic pain. Inversely, experiential acceptance has a beneficial effect on psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress). Emotional disclosure (of stressful or traumatic events) can decrease pain intensity but not disability and mental health. Likewise, emotional expression in daily life seems beneficial, but when the expression of the positive and negative feelings are distinguished, emotional expression of negative feelings increases pain, disability and distress. The whole of these findings emphasize the need to further research about emotional management in chronic non-cancer pain. It is necessary to identify and control the source of potential bias. Some hypotheses have been proposed to explain these findings. In the future, it would be interesting to use a multifactorial approach to investigate the interactions between various processes of emotional management in chronic pain patients.     

Le développement contemporain des régimes juridiques des conflits d’intérêts : l’exemple du secteur de la santé

The conceptualization of conflicts of interests and deployment of their regulatory systems are primarily modes of economic and managerial health control. When did the legal regime of conflicts of interests, which formalizes the process, clash with the conditions of professional practice? Not all assumptions of friction or opposition of interests necessarily constitute a conflict of interests. All public sector professionals have interests but not all their interests generate conflicts. The aim of public declaration of interests is to reveal the relations of interest in order to allay suspicion. Most frequently in the form of soft law system, the declaration of interests is a way of warning about the existence of a “grey zone” or time of deontological risk. It was changed by the law of 29 December 2011     

L’alliance thérapeutique triadique dans une psychothérapie avec un interprète : un concept en quête de validation

The relevance of the use of an interpreter when receiving an allophone patient seems to be more and more accepted among clinicians. However, the influence of this third person on the therapeutic process, and particularly on the establishment of the therapeutic alliance, has received scarce attention so far. The presence of an interpreter inevitably modifies the therapeutic process and makes it more complex. It requires some adjustments of the physical and material setting. It also influences practical arrangements and the very nature of interactions, as well as their content. General concepts about the intercultural approach will first be presented. Subsequently, the issue of the establishment of a triadic therapeutic alliance during a couple and family therapy or mother infant consultations will be discussed from an interactionnist and systemic perspective. The application of these models to a better understanding of patient-therapist-interpreter alliance and its specific components and dimensions will be discussed. Finally, research directions and some clinical considerations to optimize the conduct of a consultation or a psychotherapy with an interpreter will be stressed.     

Reconnaissance au travail : validation d’une échelle de mesure dans le contexte des entreprises

IntroductionTo our knowledge, there is a lack of reliable measurement tools to assess different dimensions of recognition in the organizational context. As a consequence, quantitative studies in the area are still lacking.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to propose a measuring instrument of recognition at work showing valid and satisfactory psychometric properties.MethodsTwo cross-sectional studies were conducted in this research. The data collected by questionnaire were processed by SPSS17.0 software for exploratory factor analysis and EQS 6.1 for confirmatory factor analyzes.ResultsThe results show that in organizational context, there may be 3 sources of recognition that have to be taken into consideration: the organization itself, superiors and colleagues.ConclusionThis study extend prior research on the measurement of recognition at work. A validated tool based on the most rigorous validation methods and the latest methodological advances, in particular by confirmatory factor analyzes, has then been created.     

Facteurs d’invention,de dissémination et de diffusion d’une innovation : leçons d’une triple étude de cas

The aim of this article is to identify the factors facilitating the invention, dissemination and diffusion phases of the innovation process. An action-research was conducted in a hospital setting using mixed methods (participant observation, interviews and questionnaires). A triple case study illustrated the invention of a change management methodology, its dissemination using an interactive learning strategy and its diffusion within and outside the organization. Ten factors from various research traditions emerged. No model was able to explain all factors facilitating one phase. Phases of the innovation process were carried out dynamically, as a continuously reactivated process.     

L’équipe paramédicale à l’hôpital psychiatrique : Retentissement actuel d’une évolution de deux décennies Analyse d’un entretien de supervision

At the advent of the reform of nursing education in France, this study attempts to give an overview of changes in the work practices of nurses and the employment of nurse’s aides in psychiatric wards of hospitals. Based on the assumption that interaction acts as an interface between the individual on one side and collective systems on the other, the authors approach this issue by analyzing a supervisory meeting of a caregiving team in a psychiatric hospital.