Mobiliser les arbitrages organisationnels pour prévenir les risques professionnels dans les espaces confinés : le cas des chantiers de réfection de canalisation en égouts

This contribution participates to the development of ergonomic contributions to the prevention of occupational risks in confined spaces, specifically in sewer pipe rehabilitation projects. The intervention deployed was structured around a participatory and collaborative approach involving all stakeholders in the project to sustainably improve the prevention of work-related accidents and musculoskeletal disorders among workers. Detailed analyses of workers’ activities coupled with a systemic analysis of the design and collective monitoring of the worksites were carried out. This made it possible to characterize the health and safety risks of site teams as products that compromise between several organizational requirements and situational constraints. Extended to the site manager, the analysis of his activity, although strategic, of anticipation and continuous design of intervention situations, proved to be limited by a vertical organization of the sites, which does not integrate his expertise. Based on the diagnosis, validated and shared by all, the prevention challenges were articulated with the performance objectives of the worksites in a perspective of co-design with and by the different hierarchical levels of the department. The intervention made it possible to collaboratively build new organizational rules that consider the concrete realities of the work of workers and site managers.     

Révision de la loi bioéthique : les dangers de l’autoconservation des ovocytes pour convenance personnelle

Legalization of self-conservation of ovocytes for personal convenience is considered by the second article of the bioethics legislative proposal, adopted by French National Assembly. This practice is aiming to allow men and women to keep their gametes for the purpose of a subsequent medically assisted procreation. Does this new liberty risks to take away a human's individual liberty and more specifically a women's one? Indeed, to legalize self-conservation of ovocytes for personal convenience means to extend the message whereby a woman could delay her maternity. The result would be an implicit pressure: as it becomes medically possible to privilege first of all a career and then to envisage maternity, woman seeking high performance must necessarily choose it. This technique could therefore hide a clear-cut decline for women's rights, again confronted with a cornelian choice, a family or a career.     

Quels enjeux pour les soins bucco-dentaires sous anesthésie générale chez les adultes ?

Common dental acts sometimes require to be performed under general anesthesia. This article describes the development of an adult consultation for dental care under general anesthesia at hospital Henri-Mondor in Créteil group. Forty-two people received dental care under general anesthesia during the year 2015 at Henri-Mondor hospital. Thirty-eight percent were aged 21 to 30 years. The main reason for using general anesthesia phobias 56%. The second reason, with 31%, is on disability. Among the type of intervention, 61% represent extractions of permanent teeth. However, our study shows that the indication of general anesthesia must be asked as a last resort. Other alternative techniques exist and must be offered an upstream. General anesthesia tends to grow and be part of a comprehensive treatment of certain categories of patients. General anesthesia comfort remains prohibited.     

Stéréotypes de poids,jugement de valeur et de recrutabilité : les rôles modérateurs du sexe et de la personnalité

ObjectiveThe existing literature testifies to the presence of discrimination against obese people in hiring. The present study aimed to test the effects of candidates’ weight on value judgment and recruitability by taking into account their gender and personality. The study using the judges’ paradigm involved a sample of 279 recruiters. The recruiters were asked to judge eight fictitious CVs including a photo of the candidate, their education, their work experience and their answers to a personality test (proactive or reactive personality). The target job was a medical laboratory technician.ResultsAnalyses of variance revealed significant effects of applicants’ weight, and proactivity on judgements of agreeableness, effort, competence and recruitability. Indeed, obese people are discriminated against in hiring whereas proactivity would be a variable increasing the recruitability judgment. Moreover, the gender of applicants alone is no longer a variable that encourages discrimination.ConclusionThis study opens up a new field of research on proactivity as a social norm of judgement and corroborates previous studies on weight discrimination in personnel selection. The limitations of the study open up new avenues of research.     

Comment les enfants utilisent-ils les catégories de sexe ?

Are children aware of the social asymmetry that governs relations between individuals of both genders? Is the cognitive asymmetry described for adults by Hurtig and Pichevin (1998) visible to children? This research shows how 446 5- to 11-year-old children use gender categorization to describe a fictious person to a partner, using the paradigm developed by Hurtig and Pichevin (1990). Some results are consistent with those shown by adults, however others are not and seem to indicate a greater sensitivity amongst the youngest in the mixed situations (subject and partner are of opposite sex), and thus, this is also different according to the gender of the two protagonists. These different results can be explained by the social behaviour of girls and boys at school.     

La sensualité : une voie originale pour penser les ambiguïtés de la relation d’aide chez les travailleurs sociaux

When the body to sensory body with the user becomes too unpleasant, many social workers partially disinvest their own sensoriality. This article contributes to understand this enigmatic phenomenon. It shows that the partial withdrawal of the investments of the sensation has, for the social workers, a defensive function close to what P. Aulagnier called “pare désinvestissement”. It is about avoiding to escape a traumatic meeting completely with the user, even though it is necessary to empty it of all its flesh weight. Inversely, the transgression of the secondary processes by the original sensoriality could have a subjective dimension. It is this capacity that we propose to name “sensuality”. While taking support on some works pioneers, we will conclude temporarily while putting some poles aiming to enrich the groups of analysis of professional practice of this sensual capacity of symbolization.     

Explantation de pacemaker en temps de pandémie : conduite à tenir pour la récupération chez les sujets décédés des prothèses fonctionnant avec batterie lors de l’épidémie de covid-19

In France, every death certificate must mention the presence of a prosthesis operating by means of a battery and its explantation or not. The explantation must be made regardless of the burial. Explantation can only be performed by a doctor or a thanatopractor. The health emergency related to covid-19 does not affect these principles of ordinary law.     

La santé à l’épreuve de la mobilité : les débuts de parcours de compagnons de l’aéronautique

In this article we relate a research, which has been carried out among workers in an aircraft-manufacturing site. The purpose of the research was to enlighten the links between health and professional mobility. Leaning on quantitative and qualitative analyzes of mobility inside a worksite, we put forward the complex network of itineraries of blue collars, at their beginning. These itineraries combine changes in workstations or in working conditions, and various individual, collective or organizational dimensions. The apprenticeship of mobility frameworks gets involved in wider series of professional norms, which might at the same time prevent from health disorders and make them less visible. Thus, the integration of these various temporal dimensions by blue collars themselves brings depending on organizational context, supports or damages for health.     

Les modèles de changements de comportements dans le domaine de la santé

Chronic diseases require both a medical treatment that a patient adherence to health recommendations. These include changes in lifestyle to adopt healthy behaviors. However, these changes are hardly adopted by patients. This article provides a review of theoretical models to explain resistance to change or factors motivating new behaviors. After presenting the steps by which a person gets through when changing an aspect of her lifestyle, we will discuss the factors involved in motivational and volitional phases of change. Thus, in the motivational phase, we will refer to classic sociocognitive models, illness representations model and the self-determination model. In the volitional phase, we discuss concepts related to action monitoring and action planning, self-control, and the anticipation of barriers to help maintain the action in time.     

Modèles a variables de differentes sortes pour les logiques modales M″ ou S 5

Sans résumé     

Ergonomie cognitive d’un conseil génétique pour le test présymptomatique de maladie de Huntington

We would like to propose the analysis of a multidisciplinary genetic counselling activity. More precisely, we study an interaction that took place in the consultation between an asymptomatic patient who requests for a predictive genetic testing of Huntington’s disease and two doctors successively. We describe the failure of the multidisciplinary team’s attempt to influence the conviction, or the personal rationality, of the patient for the genetic risk perception. More generally, this study illustrates the communication practices which are engendered by modern medicine can be very delicate. Therefore, this information is carried by the act of informing. This action is made of processes which are relatively independent.     

Inhomogénéité des évaluations de durée d’incapacité totale de travail. Comparaison d’évaluations des durées d’incapacité totale de travail entre les médecins légistes,les médecins généralistes et les urgentistes

Setting a total length for time off work is a forensic act that all physicians must be able to perform. Given the importance of the legal consequences of this evaluation, it seems desirable that this practice is mastered by all practitioners. However, in practice there is often a disparity between forensic assessments and evaluations provided by other practitioners. To assess this difference in evaluation, we conducted a retrospective study, looking at 4 years of archives, of victims of Marseille's forensic service (CHU Timone), and highlighted a disparity between medical examiners, GPs and emergency physician's assessments. In both comparisons between medical examiners versus GPs (n = 367) or medical examiners versus emergency physicians (n = 511), were found in one third of cases of forensic requalification. The majority of checks on where GP's (80%) determined on over 8 days leave were reassessed under this limit by a medical examiner. This trend is reversed for the majority of (61%) requalification cases of emergency assessments (assessment over eight days by medical examiners. This study, proving a fact long suspected, raises many questions about these disparities evaluation we have discussed.     

Écouter les pères,leur ménager une place,une mesure de prévention pour le devenir de l’enfant handicapé et de ses proches

The authors show how the help systems available to disabled children’s parents leave too little space to fathers, sometimes thus leading mother-allied professionals to hinder the fathers in their child-affiliating process. At first, the authors deal with the father’s specific position in the construction of a bond with his child, which questions him as for his position as a man, a lover, a son and a citizen. Then they refer to the way in which a father may be affected by his child’s birth as well as to the part that his wife, the care givers and the child itself may play to transform these sufferings and pave the way for constructing a father–child bond.     

Facteurs de stress et burnout chez les enseignants de l’école primaire

This study examines the relations between the three dimensions of the burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decrease of personal accomplishment) and their associations with stress factors as perceived by the teacher. Using a sample of 787 elementary school teachers, we put to the test a theoretical model with path analysis. We achieve with a structural model that brings to light that personal accomplishment is determined directly by personal exhaustion and indirectly through depersonalization. The latter is influenced by negative relations with parents. Except this effect, the model also shows that the others sources of stress influence directly the emotional exhaustion. This study also confirms the three-dimensional structure of the French version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).