Étude de l’avis du défenseur des Droits sur l’interprétation de l’article L.2141-11 du Code de la santé publique

To acknowledge the article L2141-11 CSP to be interpreted as allowing transsexual persons, who engaged themselves in a male-to-female transition path, to benefit from gametes’ self-conservation, the French Ombudsman requests that any future usages should not be taken into account in any submission analysis. This theoretical position implies two main criticisms. On one hand, it does not comply with the literal meaning and the intended objective of article L2141-11 CSP which, at contrary, imposes to check both of the origin of predictable infertility and the aim of gametes’ self-conservation. On the other hand, it refrains from considering what lies under the request by minimizing its societal background meaning the gender recognition instead of sexed reality.     

Psychologie communautaire et psychologie de la santé : l’implication de la recherche psychosociale dans la promotion de la santé

This paper presents the issues and main principles of community psychology and community research as well as associated relationships and viewpoints in terms of health psychology and social psychology. In this perspective, the paper presents the context in which community psychology has emerged and its fundamental principles such as empowerment, community involvement and the ecological model. Using two examples of research in prevention of HIV infection, the paper leads to a greater comprehension of how a particular community-based approach to involve affected populations may be particularly relevant, not only to better understand their beliefs and behaviors but also to try to encourage them to change current behaviors or generate new ones. Research with adolescents involved in promoting condom use illustrates the use of psychosocial models of behavior change through a community approach. A second research focus on medical and psychosocial innovation through the use of non-routine, rapid screening tests for HIV - which are neither carried out nor supervised by medical personnel - aims to highlight the impact of the development of preventive action by directly concerned communities. The article aims to present the innovative methodological and epistemological issues which underpin community research.     

De la prévention à la promotion de la santé : intérêt de l’approche communautaire

Psychological research and practice shows increasing interest for prevention and health promotion in France. Current-scientific literature recommends the implementation of targeted actions, directed towards populations expressing specific needs. The community-based approach offers a framework corresponding to the flexibility, which is necessary to the effectiveness of this type of intervention. It includes the mobilization and the participation of the citizens in the development of each unique project, in the renewal of the project according to the needs, in finding possible solutions, and in assessing the actions carried out. This article aims at presenting the importance of a community-based approach in the field of health promotion; a field which would benefit from being better known in France in order to develop intervention programs adapted to each population.     

Les effets de la motivation sur la performance sportive au regard de la théorie de l’autodétermination : vers une approche intra-individuelle

The main purpose of the present article is to review studies in the self-determination framework (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2008) examining the effects of athletes’ motivation on sport performance. This work consists of three different sections. First, we detail the main postulates of self-determination theory. Second, we present results of recent studies examining the influence of motivation on performance by shedding light on research with a person-centered approach at different levels of generality (Vallerand, 1997). Finally, future research directions and practical implications are proposed to enhance athletes’ sport performance. We suggest that athletes’ autonomous motivation should be increased to attain success in sport.     

Effet de l’exposition culturelle sur l’ajustement culturel : rôle médiateur de l’intelligence culturelle

The purpose of the study consists in examining the effect of cultural exposure onto cultural adjustment mediated by cultural intelligence. In this perspective, we have consolidated the conception of cultural exposure as well as validated the measure of cultural exposure in French. The data (n = 106) have been collected via an electronic survey administered to immigrants and processed via Jamovi 2.3.3.0. Further to the structural equation modeling in latent variables we have validated the hypothesized mediation. Another result consisted in a validated measure of cultural exposure. The findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to the understanding of the antecedents of cultural intelligence and cultural adjustment. Several recommendations are formulated for the institutions in charge for the immigrants’ integration and training.     

Représentations sociales de la personne obèse et de l’obésité : effets de la situation de contact

This paper introduces a study about social representations of obese people and obesity. Two hundred normal-weighted women divided in two groups (presence vs absence of contact with an obese person) completed a word association tasks with inductive words “obese people” and “obesity”. Two instructions were proposed: one in which they responded for themselves (standard instruction) and another in which they responded for someone else (substitution instruction). Results of the Correspondences Factor Analysis support the hypothesis of an intergroup contact effect on the explored social representations’ organization. Participants in contact with obese people seem to have a more empathetic representation than those who have no contact. Indeed, when participants did not respond for themselves, counter-normative representations were produced: stereotypical elements and a judgment on the physical characteristics were expressed. These results were discussed regarding theories of intergroup contact and of social representations.     

De l’opportunité d’une nouvelle loi sur la fin de vie ?

This paper deals with the end of life issue. It advocates for putting the legislation about end of life a part from bioethics laws and addresses some legal problems.     

Les pratiques professionnelles au cœur de la crise dans la gestion de l’urgent : l’exemple de la crise du COVID-19

Our organisations have been severely shaken by the COVID-19 pandemic and the world of work has not been spared. Only essential activities continued in order to maintain a minimum level of functioning, just like in hospitals or in local authorities. During the first five months of the crisis in 2020 (from March to July), 34 interviews were conducted in these two public service entities in order to examine the management of urgent matters in the light of “activity” and at the heart of the crisis. The results show that while the emergency is mainly managed by an improvisation activity based on the intuition of the actors in the field, the crisis is managed by governance in a rational manner leading to the drafting of procedures after the event. This crisis situation pushed organisations to reconfigure themselves in an emergency, allowing the development of new professional practices. The strategies of damage control and proceduralization will be discussed. Perspectives are opened on the questions of training for these crisis situations against a background of developing presumption of ignorance.     

La version française de l’Échelle de Positivité : évaluer le facteur commun entre l’estime de soi,l’optimisme et la satisfaction de vie

The purpose of this article is to present the adaptation and the validation of the Positivity Scale (Caprara, Alessandri, Eisenberg, Kupfer, Steca, Caprara, & Abela, 2012) through three studies of 840 adults. Positivity, which is a common latent factor between self-esteem, optimism and life satisfaction (Alessandri, Caprara, & Tisak, 2012; Caprara, Steca, Alessandri, Abela, & McWhinnie, 2010), is “the tendency to view life and experiences with a positive outlook” (Caprara et al., 2012, p. 701). Confirmatory factor analysis supports the unidimensionality of factor G Positivity, coexisting with two specific factors, optimism and self-esteem. The instrument attest very good reliability and the high level of temporal stability indicate a very good fidelity. The validity was demonstrated by a good convergence with self-esteem, optimism, life satisfaction as well as positive affect and good divergence with negative affect. The study of the discriminant validity establishes that it differs from scales measuring self-esteem, optimism and life satisfaction. The study of incremental validity shows that it can contribute significantly, through the effect of three constructs in a single dimension, to the prediction of psychological phenomena. This research provides a valid 7-item scale to measure positivity in French.     

Le droit à la protection de la santé dans l’alinéa 11 du Préambule de 1946 : les impacts en termes de solidarité

The right to health protection is recognized as a constitutional objective. This includes guaranteeing an equal access to health care without any discrimination. The implementation of this right is a difficult task due to geographical and socioeconomic inequalities. In many situations, the public health sector is experiencing financial crises. The problems concerning health access seem to be mounting and could jeopardise the principle of solidarity which is the foundation of the health system.     

Analyse critique des approches de l’acceptation des technologies : de l’utilisabilité à la symbiose humain-technologie-organisation

This article proposes a criticism of the concept of technology acceptance. Starting from a distinction between operational and social acceptance, the authors present an overview of the concepts and notions associated to the paradigm of technology acceptance. Then, they criticize the paradigm and propose the idea that human and technologies are connected by interactions that are so narrow that one can refer to human-machine symbiosis, as Licklider (1960) suggested. The first part of the paper is devoted to the various ergonomic aspects of the operational acceptance (usability, ergonomic criteria, model of the interaction) while the second part addresses the psychosocial aspects of acceptance (Technology Acceptance Model, User Information Satisfaction Theory, Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory, Agile Organizational Development…). The idea behind the authors’ point of view is that technology must not inevitably be thought of as a foreign thing that the human must accept or refuse. From a metaphorical point of view, technology is more and more part of ourselves and behaves like a symbiont. From the time human and technologies start to form coherent and linked units, the relation between human, technology and organization can be apprehended according to a symbiotic approach which considers that human and technologies are connected by strong dependent relationships. In short, this article proposes to consider that the concept of symbiosis is more capable to explain the relationships of human with technology than the acceptance concept.     

La perception parentale de la pratique du bilan psychologique de l’enfant et de l’adolescent

The psychological assessment is a widespread approach in child and adolescent psychology, but few studies have examined the experiences of the main stakeholders during this process. This study was conducted among 105 parents consulting for their child in a psychological counseling centre, and investigated by ad-hoc questionnaires the dimensions that can be involved at different moments of the assessment: expectations and perceptions, motivation for change, working alliance, and satisfaction with care. The results highlight the importance of parents’ initial representations and the quality of first contact with psychologists. This study enhances our understanding of procedural elements little studied and yet determinant for the engagement of parents in the psychological assessment and the intervention that would follow.     

Effets de l’expression d’embarras et de la personnalité du candidat sur l’évaluation,la réaction comportementale et la décision d’embauche du recruteur

Job interview is a standardized situation that carries high stakes and involves impression management tactics. When an incident occurs in such a situation it could create embarrassment. Usually the expression of this self-conscious emotion positively affects others’ judgment. The aim of this study is to know whether this positive effect could also be observed in a job interview and whether it may vary depending on how embarrassment is expressed and with the personality of the job applicant. Contrary to what it is observed in an ordinary context, the absence of expression is favored by the recruiters; the expression of embarrassment is rather negatively perceived, especially when it is not controlled. The issue of emotional expressivity during interview will be discussed.     

L’effet du sens du travail sur l’intention de quitter des personnels soignants en EHPAD. Quel impact de la satisfaction au travail et de la charge de travail ?

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between the meaning of work and the intention to leave, job satisfaction and workload in a pre-pandemic context. In a population highly affected by turnover problems, care assistants working in French EHPAD (n = 125) completed a self-administered online questionnaire. The results of the study show a significant link between the variables mentioned above. Job satisfaction exerts a mediating effect between the meaning of work and the intention to leave. This mediation is not found for workload. This study highlights the interest of working on the meaning of work as a possible lever against the intention to leave.     

La consistance de l’intervention éducative parentale : la qualité de l’environnement familial et les comportements interactifs de la mère

Parental child rearing can be analysed through the observation of child-rearing behaviours and also through the way parents organize home environment. This study intends to identify the home environmental quality dimensions that are related to maternal interactive behaviours after accounting for maternal education level.The participants were 120 mothers of children aged 14 to 49 months. The quality of home environment was assessed with HOME Inventory for Families of Infants and Toddlers (Caldwell and Bradley, 1984). Interactive behaviours were collected, video registered and coded using the Mothers Teaching Styles Rating Scale (Cruz, Aguiar and Barros, 2004; McWilliam et al., 1996).Positive associations were found between HOME total score and the responsiveness and active teaching dimensions of maternal interactive behaviour; these associations decreased after accounting for maternal education level. Negative associations were found between home environment and non contingent involvement; but these associations slightly increased after accounting for maternal education level.     

Rôle du cahier des charges et de l’évaluation de sites web sur l’effet de conformité à travers la gestion de contraintes et la qualité ergonomique de pages web

IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that the schedule of conditions orientates the designers’ activity. It leads them to generate and consider more constraints linked to the prescribed ones (provided in the schedule of conditions). In addition, when designers had to evaluate websites before making their productions, they reused into their own productions some characteristic from websites evaluated and visited before designing (that corresponds to the conformity effect).ObjectiveWe carried out an experimental study that aimed to determine the mutual influence of schedule of conditions and conformity effect on constraints accounted by designers and usability quality of the web pages they created. No study has determined the combined effects of these two points of web design on the designers’ activity.MethodTwo groups of professional web designers (the first one dealt with a creative schedule of conditions and the other one with an ergonomic schedule of conditions) had to create two webpages (home page and another one). The experimental study was divided into three successive stages: (1) launching of the two-page design, (2) evaluating two websites, and (3) continuing the two-page design.ResultsThe main results showed that the constraints prescribed in the schedule of conditions affected the first stage of design. Nevertheless, after the evaluation stage (stage 2), this influence decreased during the last design stage (stage 3).ConclusionThe evaluation improved the number of constraints linked to end-users taken into account by the designers during the last stage of their design activity. Nevertheless, the usability quality of web pages created by designers was higher for the designers who dealt with the ergonomic schedule of conditions than for the others.