Behavioral Adaptation,Confidence, and Heuristic-Based Explanations of the Probing Effect

Researchers have found that asking probing questions of message sources does not enhance deception detection accuracy. Probing does, however, increase recipient and observer perceptions of source honesty, a finding we label the probing effect. This project examined 3 potential explanations for the probing effect: behavioral adaptation, confidence bias, and a probing heuristic. In Study 1, respondents (N = 337) viewed videotaped interviews in which probes were present or not present, and in which message source behaviors were controlled. Inconsistent with the behavioral adaptation explanation, respondents perceived probed sources as more honest than nonprobed sources, despite the fact that source behaviors were constant across conditions. The data also were inconsistent with the confidence bias explanation. Studies 2 and 3 investigated the probing heuristic explanation. The data from Study 2 (N = 136) were ambiguous, but the results of third study (N = 143) were consistent with the heuristic processing explanation of the probing effect.     

Naturalism: A Critical Analysis

Book Information Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Edited by William Lane Craig and J.P. Moreland. Routledge. London. 2000. Pp. xv + 286. £60.00.     

A Behavioral Analysis of Morality and Value

Morality has long been conceived as divinely instituted, so otherworldly, rules meant not to describe or explain behavior but to guide it towards an absolute good. The philosophical formulation of this theory by Plato was later grafted onto Christian thought by Augustine and Aquinas. The equally ancient theory of the Greek sophist Protagoras (that the good is relative to personal preferences and morality to man-made social customs) was forgotten until revived in the 18th and 19th centuries by such empiricists as David Hume and J. S. Mill. Then it was dismissed again in the 20th century by G. E. Moore and W. D. Ross as naturalistic fallacy, that is, conflation of what is with what ought to be. However, those who took this dismissive attitude themselves made the reverse mistake of conflating what ideally ought to be with what actually is. In other words, they mistook ideals for actualities. As B. F. Skinner (1971) said in Beyond Freedom and Dignity, sorting things out requires behaviorist parsing of the good (the personally reinforcing) and duty (the socially reinforced).     

Adaptation Level as an Explanation of the Peak Shift in Generalization with Movement Stimuli

Two experiments examine the value of adaptation level theory as an explanation of the peak shift phenomenon in stimulus generalization using linear arm movements. The first experiment manipulates the differences in adaptation levels during training by varying the frequency of experience of the training stimulus. Significant shifts in the peaks of generalization gradients were subsequently identified. The peak shifts were in the direction predicted by adaptation level theory. The second experiment manipulates testing adaptation levels by biasing the generalization test movements. Three groups of subjects performed differentially weighted test sequences in which the relative number of short, medium, or long movements was manipulated. Significant peak shifts of generalization gradients were observed in the direction predicted by adaptation level theory.     

Visuoperceptive Impairments in Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: A Critical Review of Behavioral Studies

Neuropsychology Review - The present literature review is aimed at offering a comprehensive and critical view of behavioral data collected during the past seventy years concerning visuoperception...     

Newtonian Supertasks: A Critical Analysis

In two recent papers Perez Laraudogoitia has described a variety of supertasks involving elastic collisions in Newtonian systems containing a denumerably infinite set of particles. He maintains that these various supertasks give examples of systems in which energy is not conserved, particles at rest begin to move spontaneously, particles disappear from a system, and particles are created ex nihilo. An analysis of these supertasks suggests that they involve systems that do not satisfy the mathematical conditions required of Newtonian systems at the time the supertask is due to be completed, or else they rely on the application of the time-reversal transformation to states which are not well-defined. Consequently, it is unjustified to conclude that the paradoxical results are arising from within the framework of Newtonian mechanics. In the last part of this article, we discuss various aspects of the physics of these supertasks.     

A Critical Path Analysis of Scientific Productivity

Critical path analysis is proposed as a framework for problems of scientific productivity. Scientific productions are critical path problems because a single failed step in a project is sufficient to ruin an experiment or keep a paper from being published. For critical path processes, the probability of failure is a power function of the number of steps. Thus, project success is nonlinearly related to both the skill level and the number of sequential or critical path steps. A queuing model simulation of scientific production is presented. Results for short and long productions are shown to match documented lifetime publication rates of the most prolific (high skill level) and of average scientists (lower skill level). In this model creativity may decrease productivity by shifting the focus to more time consuming problems, increase productivity if the creativity resolves bottlenecks or eliminates problem steps, or have no effect if technique (e.g., observational skill) dominates the project's time budget. Sociological factors affecting productivity can also be integrated into the model. The model has the advantage that it can be tested against scientific diaries and by constructing time budgets and failure analyses of ongoing projects.     

汉字认知倒置效应的行为学研究

通过比较被试对相同刺激在不同诱导条件和不同特征变化条件下的认知的异同,探索倒置效应对认知的影响及机理.结果发现:当呈现的刺激被诱导为汉字认知时,仅在结构变化条件下出现倒置效应;而同样的刺激被诱导为字母组合被加工时,在结构和细节变化时均不会出现倒置效应.研究结果揭示了激活诱导效应对认知的重要影响,支持了专家假说对倒置效应的解释,进一步说明了结构和整体加工对专家系统的重要意义.     

自我适应与适应环境的心理分析

人生是一个不断地适应环境、改造环境,从而也适应自我、实现自我的过程。心理活动最基本的目的就是使个体能实现良好的自我适应和对环境的适应,这是个体进而改造环境和实现自我的前提。心理辅导担负着帮助学生实现良好的自我适应和适应环境的任务,因此需要对个体自我适应与适应环境的心理因素及其心理过程进行分析,据此选择恰当的辅导策略。１个体自我适应与适应环境的心理因素 个体的自我适应与适应环境都与人的自我意识有关。自我意识作为个体意识的一个方面,体现为个体的自我认识、自我体验和自我调控。自我适应主要与个体的自我认…     

遗传与环境的相关及交互作用分析--兼评行为遗传学研究方法的新进展

遗传与环境的“相关”与“交互作用”这两个既有联系又相区别的概念的提出,使人们对传统的行为遗传学研究有了新的认识。该文在此分析的基础上,提出利用精巧的实验设计及分子遗传分析对两者进行考察的新方法,并对已有行为遗传学研究方法存在的局限与发展前景予以简要评述。     

中医语言西化的话语秩序分析

从语言哲学的角度探讨中医话语作为一种生活方式所包含的"真理性",认为不能通过寻求词与物或科学论证的事实之间的对应关系发现语言的意义,而是要思考这种语言所构建的特定生活方式.采用诠释性社会调查和批判话语分析手段,对中医现代化过程中的实际活动文本进行分析,发现中医现代化表现为技术话语通过合理性论证,对中医语言进行中性化处理,使之脱离生活世界并逐渐被西化乃至沉默.     

铁过度负荷与疾病

铁是机体微量元素中含量最多的一种,是血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素系统、呼吸链的主要复合物、过氧物酶和过氧化氢酶等的重要组成部分,广泛参与机体生理功能和生化反应,缺铁可导致贫血等疾病.体内铁过多,称为铁过度负荷.随着医疗条件改善、生活水平提高,源于生理性因素、病理性因素和外源性铁剂应用(治疗性应用、预防性应用),铁过度负荷相关疾病日益增多.铁过度负荷可对内分泌代谢、心血管、神经系统、肾脏、肝脏等系统器官产生损害,导致多种疾病或使疾病加重.目前铁过度负荷相关疾病的治疗措施主要有放血疗法和药物治疗.放血疗法,只可作于短期治疗.去铁胺作为目前较为有效的去铁剂,由于价格昂贵,不能广泛应用于临床.铁过度负荷对人体的影响和相关疾病尚未外起医学界的重视.深入研究以铁过度负荷为主要和次要病因相关疾病,探索正确补铁措施,是预防铁过度负荷相关疾病、增进人体健康的重要措施,也是临床面临床的新课题.     

A Self‐Categorization Explanation for the Third‐Person Effect

Three studies tested a self‐categorization theory explanation for the third‐person effect. In Study 1 (N= 49) undergraduate students judged the influence of the National Enquirer, Wall Street Journal, and TV show Friends on themselves, relative to low‐ and high‐status outgroup members, and other undergraduate students. The profile of first‐ and third‐person perceptions was largely consistent with predictions, and the size of the third‐person effect decreased as perceived similarity to target others increased—but only for media that were normative for comparison others. Study 2 (N= 49) provided evidence for this process with different media and showed that the profile of first‐ and third‐person perceptions matched closely with perceived norms of media consumption—but not the social desirability of those media. Study 3 (N= 64) showed that the third‐person effect for the same media and target other shifts with the frame of reference in which the judgment is made. Taken together, the findings are consistent with self‐categorization theory and difficult to reconcile with other explanations.     

证券交易中处置效应的实验研究

该项研究通过控制五只股票、每只股票有18期价格波动的实验来研究中国投资者的投资行为特征。结果发现,被试并没有表现出Bayesian最优行为,处置效应却很明显;被试之间在性别、专业、受教育程度与入市时间上的差异不构成处置效应程度上的差异。但入市资金量在5％的水平上对处置效应程度有显著作用。尽管实验中还发现均值反转信念发生作用的证据,但相对于处置效应而言,解释力度要弱。     

A Comparison of Updating and Explanation as Causes of the Incongruity Effect on Person Memory

Abstract

Information that is incongruent with a prior expectancy is remembered better than congruent information. Two explanations were investigated: (a) people attempt to explain incongruent information to understand it, and (b) people use incongruent information to update their expectancies. The common assumption in these two accounts is that the additional cognitive processing stimulated by incongruent information is responsible for the incongruity effect. In this study, U.S. students were explicitly requested to engage in one or the other of these processes. Although both processes resulted in an incongruity effect, there was a positive correlation between recall of expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent items in the impression-updating condition but not in the other condition; those in the impression-updating condition showed greater expectancy change.     

Illocution and Social Relations: A Critical Analysis

Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research - In this paper, I claim that even though the conventional account of illocution (Sbisà, in Lodz Pap Pragmat 5(1):33–52, 2009a; In: B...     

Intimate Justice: A Critical Analysis of Sexual Satisfaction

This article elaborates an intimate justice framework to help guide research on sexual satisfaction. Using a critical historiography approach, I examine the etiology and development of the psychological construct of “satisfaction” over the last century and argue that social and political antecedents to satisfaction ratings are an essential and under-theorized aspect of research in this field. By examining what are considered to be the most influential definitions in life satisfaction research, I identify conceptual gaps, oversights, and disagreements that characterize this body of work, and specifically its theoretical treatment of inequity. Moving to the intimate domain, I argue that the field of sexual satisfaction must include theories and methods that systematically consider the role of social and sexual stigmas as antecedents to sexual satisfaction ratings. In the conclusion, building from existing social justice theories, I propose an intimate justice framework as a means to guide research that can highlight issues of entitlement and deservingness in sexual satisfaction research. This is particularly important as sexual satisfaction is increasingly used as an indicator of individual and relational well-being; however, this construct is presently limited and inadequately measured for women and men who experience limited sexual rights in the socio-political domain because of their gender and/or sexual minority status.