阅读模式对汉语儿童阅读理解的影响：有中介的调节模型

为探讨年级在汉语儿童阅读模式影响阅读理解过程中的作用及其内部机制，对933名小学2～6年级儿童在不同阅读模式(朗读、喃喃自语、默读)下的阅读理解进行测查，并采用三分钟阅读测验考察儿童的阅读流畅性，探讨其在上述调节模型中的中介作用。结果发现：(1)喃喃自语比默读更有利于小学汉语儿童的阅读理解；(2)年级在阅读模式对阅读理解的影响中起调节作用。二年级儿童朗读和喃喃自语时的阅读理解成绩高于默读；喃喃自语比默读更有利于四年级儿童的阅读理解；五年级时，喃喃自语成为绝对优势，好于朗读和默读；(3)年级的调节作用部分通过阅读流畅性这一中介变量而实现。研究结果在一定程度上验证和补充了维果茨基内化说在阅读发展中的应用，启示不应盲目纠正儿童自然的阅读模式(如阅读中的喃喃自语)。此外，重视儿童阅读流畅性的训练可能有助于促进儿童阅读的内化进程。     

小学低年级儿童阅读流畅性的发展轨迹及其对阅读理解的预测作用

对149名小学一年级儿童的阅读流畅性进行历时三年五次的追踪测试,采用潜变量增长模型探索了儿童阅读流畅性的发展轨迹,并在控制相关变量后,考察了阅读流畅性的起始水平和发展速度对阅读理解的预测作用。结果发现：（1）小学低年级儿童字词阅读流畅性呈非线性发展,其中一年级快速发展,二、三年级时进一步发展,但发展速度变缓,起始水平低的儿童其后发展速度快,表现出补偿模式;句子阅读流畅性呈线性发展,儿童个体之间的差异随时间逐渐增大,表现出马太效应;（2）控制一般认知能力、家庭社会经济地位及相关语言认知技能后,字词阅读流畅性的起始水平和发展速度均可预测儿童三年级时阅读理解水平,而句子阅读流畅性的起始水平不能预测,但发展速度有显著预测作用。结果说明字词阅读流畅性和句子阅读流畅性有不同的发展轨迹和发展模式,在小学低年级阶段,相比句子阅读流畅性,儿童字词阅读流畅性的起始水平对阅读理解有预测作用,且两者的发展速度均对阅读理解有预测作用。     

宽恕干预对降低农村留守儿童拒绝敏感性的作用

为探讨宽恕干预对降低农村留守儿童拒绝敏感性的作用,本研究将18名高拒绝敏感性农村留守儿童随机分配到实验组和控制组,其中实验组接受为期六周的团体宽恕干预,控制组不接受任何干预。结果显示:(1)留守儿童的拒绝敏感性水平与宽恕水平之间存在显著负相关。(2)在前测数据中,实验组和控制组之间不存在显著差异;在后测和追踪数据中,实验组儿童的拒绝敏感性水平显著低于控制组。(3)在干预之后,实验组留守儿童的拒绝敏感性水平显著下降,并且维持在较低水平,而控制组留守儿童的拒绝敏感性水平始终处于较高水平。该结果在一定程度上证明宽恕干预对降低农村留守儿童的拒绝敏感性水平是有效的,并且其效果稳定。     

小学低年级儿童的计算流畅性与数学焦虑:基于变量为中心与个体为中心的分析

为考察计算流畅性对小学低年级儿童数学焦虑的影响及作用机制,对592名小学二年级儿童的计算流畅性、数学学习兴趣、教师支持和数学焦虑进行测查。结果发现:(1)计算流畅性不仅通过数学学习兴趣间接影响数学焦虑,也可通过数学学习兴趣进而通过教师支持间接影响数学焦虑;(2)对计算流畅性和数学学习兴趣得分进行潜剖面分析,可将儿童区分为三种类型:低能力-低兴趣型、高能力-高兴趣型和低能力-高兴趣型;(3)低能力-低兴趣型儿童的数学焦虑得分显著高于其他两类,而低能力-高兴趣型和高能力-高兴趣型儿童的数学焦虑得分则无显著差异。上述结果表明计算流畅性、数学学习兴趣和教师支持在预防和干预小学低年级儿童的数学焦虑中具有重要作用。     

小学低年级儿童的计算流畅性与数学焦虑:基于变量为中心与个体为中心的分析

为考察计算流畅性对小学低年级儿童数学焦虑的影响及作用机制,对592名小学二年级儿童的计算流畅性、数学学习兴趣、教师支持和数学焦虑进行测查。结果发现:(1)计算流畅性不仅通过数学学习兴趣间接影响数学焦虑,也可通过数学学习兴趣进而通过教师支持间接影响数学焦虑;(2)对计算流畅性和数学学习兴趣得分进行潜剖面分析,可将儿童区分为三种类型:低能力-低兴趣型、高能力-高兴趣型和低能力-高兴趣型;(3)低能力-低兴趣型儿童的数学焦虑得分显著高于其他两类,而低能力-高兴趣型和高能力-高兴趣型儿童的数学焦虑得分则无显著差异。上述结果表明计算流畅性、数学学习兴趣和教师支持在预防和干预小学低年级儿童的数学焦虑中具有重要作用。     

“儿童认知发展水平诊断工具”动态测验的初步编制与应用

本研究旨在将“儿童认知发展水平诊断工具” (Inventory of Piaget’s Developmental Task, IPDT)中的守恒与关系领域分测验改编成动态测验, 并应用于不同程度学业成绩儿童当中以探查其认知发展的潜在水平。在实验研究基础上结合以往动态测验的编制技术, 把动态施测过程分为“前测—干预—迁移—后测”4个阶段, 分别确定各阶段的测题并构建了6等级提示系统。在中等学业成绩儿童(n = 33)和低学业成绩儿童(n = 35)中的应用发现, 动态测验测得的能力获得变量对儿童的学业成绩具有重要的预测作用, 证实了所改编测验的有效性; 动态测验情境下中、低学业成绩儿童的潜在认知水平基本相同, 所改编的动态测验有助于发掘儿童的潜在认知发展水平。     

小学低年级儿童的阅读发展轨迹：早期语言认知技能的预测作用

以264名汉语儿童为研究对象，追踪其从学前到学龄低段的语言认知技能和阅读能力的发展，通过多层线性模型探索儿童小学1～3年级阅读准确性和阅读流畅性的发展轨迹，以及4岁时的语音意识、命名速度和语素意识对上述两项阅读能力的预测作用。结果发现：(1)阅读准确性在小学1～3年级呈线性增长模式，起始水平存在显著的个体差异，且个体差异逐渐扩大；4岁时的语音意识和命名速度均能预测儿童阅读准确性的起始水平，仅语素意识能预测阅读准确性的发展速度；(2)阅读流畅性在小学1～3年级呈线性增长模式，起始水平和增长速度均存在显著的个体差异，且个体差异逐渐扩大；4岁时的语音意识和命名速度均能预测儿童阅读流畅性的起始水平，仅命名速度能预测阅读流畅性的发展速度。     

小学儿童口语词汇知识的发展轨迹及其对阅读能力的预测：一个潜变量增长模型

对149名小学一年级汉语儿童的口语词汇知识进行历时6年8次的追踪测试,采用潜变量增长模型探索了小学儿童口语词汇知识的发展轨迹,并在控制相关变量后,考察了口语词汇知识的起始水平和发展速度对儿童六年级时阅读能力的预测作用。结果发现：(1)小学儿童的口语词汇知识呈持续地非线性增长,其中三年级和五年级是儿童口语词汇知识发展的快速增长时期,儿童之间的个体差异表现出差异稳定的发展模式;(2)控制一般认知能力和相关阅读认知技能后,口语词汇知识的起始水平和发展速度均可显著预测六年级时的阅读准确性、阅读流畅性及阅读理解,且对阅读准确性和阅读理解的预测比对阅读流畅性的预测更强;相对于起始水平,口语词汇知识的发展速度对阅读能力的预测作用更强。     

《儿童认知能力诊断量表》的编制

《儿童认知能力诊断量表》(简称DSCAC)是编制来鉴别和诊断学习不良儿童的一个认知能力测验。它由三个分测验和八个项目组成。我们在1986年建立了DSCAC的杭州市一、二年级的年级常模。结果表明;1)本量表能反映出年级间认知能力发展的趋势;2)量表的重测信度一、二年级均在0.81以上,说明量表是可靠且稳定的;3)通过因素分析,量表内部一致性分析和DSCAC与WISC—R相关分析来评价本量表的效度。结果发现,DSCAC具有较好的构思效度和内部一致性。     

语素意识对小学生阅读流畅性的影响:汉字识别的中介作用

为了考察汉字识别在语素意识和阅读流畅性之间的作用,本研究通过对小学一至六年级856名儿童的语素意识、汉字识别和阅读流畅性的测查,采用结构方程模型进行分析,结果发现:(1)语素意识在整个小学阶段都影响阅读流畅性;(2)在一至五年级,汉字识别在语素意识和阅读流畅性之间起着中介作用;在六年级,其中介作用不显著。结果表明,语素意识可以促进阅读流畅性发展,且年级越低,汉字识别在其中的中介作用越大。     

First-grade predictors of mathematical learning disability: A latent class trajectory analysis

Kindergarten to third grade mathematics achievement scores from a prospective study of mathematical development (n = 306) were subjected to latent growth trajectory analyses. The four corresponding classes included children with mathematical learning disability (MLD, 6% of sample), and low (LA, 50%), typically (TA, 39%) and high (HA, 5%) achieving children. The groups were administered a battery of intelligence (IQ), working memory, and mathematical-cognition measures in first grade. The children with MLD had general deficits in working memory and IQ and potentially more specific deficits on measures of number sense. The LA children did not have working memory or IQ deficits but showed moderate deficits on these number sense measures and for addition fact retrieval. The distinguishing features of the HA children were a strong visuospatial working memory, a strong number sense, and frequent use of memory-based processes to solve addition problems. Implications for the early identification of children at risk for poor mathematics achievement are considered.     

Comparing mathematics interventions: Does initial level of fluency predict intervention effectiveness?

A paucity of research has directly compared empirically supported interventions to examine their effectiveness among students with different mathematics fluency skills. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two empirically supported interventions and a control condition on the mathematics fluency of 98 second and third grade students. Specifically, effects of explicit timing and cover-copy-compare on subtraction fluency were examined each session, which occurred twice weekly for a total of six weeks. HLM was used to examine progress during the intervention sessions and determine the effect of initial fluency level on intervention effectiveness. Results suggested students' initial level of fluency impacted intervention effectiveness. That is, for students whose fluency levels fell within the frustrational range CCC and control conditions resulted in the best performance over time but for children whose fluency was in the instructional range explicit timing was the most effective treatment.     

小学低年级儿童口语词汇知识的发展轨迹及其影响因素

以149名小学生为研究对象, 对其口语词汇知识进行了历时3年的5次追踪测试, 采用潜变量增长模型探索了小学1~3年级学生汉语口语词汇知识的发展轨迹, 并考察了语音意识、同形语素意识、复合语素意识和家庭社会经济地位对口语词汇知识发展轨迹的影响。结果发现：(1) 1~3年级学生口语词汇知识发展轨迹呈曲线形式, 其中前两年呈线性发展, 三年级时呈加速发展, 发展速度是前期发展的两倍, 起始水平和发展速度均存在显著的个体差异; (2)语音意识、同形语素意识、复合语素意识和家庭社会经济地位均可以正向预测学生口语词汇知识的起始水平; (3)只有同形语素意识和家庭社会经济地位可以正向预测学生口语词汇知识的发展速度。     

Prescriptive Analysis: Further Individualization of Hypothesis Testing in Brief Experimental Analysis of Reading Fluency

Brief experimental analyses (BEA) have been used to identify effective individualized interventions for improving reading fluency with school-age children. Interventions involving incentives, modeling, repeated reading, and error correction are most often tested in a BEA. However, these interventions are rarely modified according to individual student needs. The current study examined the effects of varied levels of modeling (passage, sentence, word) and varied contingencies (tracking and fluency) on fluency in non-treated high-word overlap passages and general outcome measure passages. BEA-identified interventions were effective for improving reading fluency on non-treated passages for both second grade students and the third grade student. Notably, the effects reversed when intervention was withdrawn with one of the second grade students. Results are discussed in terms of considerations in the application of BEA technology in the schools.     

不同形式的语言介入对汉语儿童心理理论发展的干预

为比较语言本身和语言交流的情境过程对儿童心理理论的贡献以及欺骗在此过程中的作用,本研究采用前后测对照实验设计探查了不同形式的语言介入和相关欺骗训练对儿童心理理论发展的影响。选取语言能力达到常模水平但未通过外表－事实区分任务的4岁组儿童77名,随机分为3个训练组和1个对照组,对其进行心理理论和语言能力前测,在各组的两种能力发展水平相当的前提下,对3个训练组分别作如下处理：完全训练组：带有心理状态动词的补语句法及欺骗训练;情境交际组：伴随语言情境交际训练和欺骗训练;补语句法组：心理状态动词和补语句法训练。一周后进行心理理论后测。结果表明,3个训练组与对照组之间在心理理论表现上均有显著差异。相对于一般语言交流的情境过程,补语句法和心理状态动词更能显著提高儿童的心理理论;早期欺骗经历也能促进儿童心理理论的发展,若二者结合使用则更利于儿童心理理论的改进     

Evaluating parent-implemented behavioral skills training for teaching firearm safety skills

Research shows that behavioral skills training (BST) and in situ training (IST) are effective interventions for teaching safety skills to children. In addition, the efficiency of these interventions can be increased when parents, teachers, or peers are taught to implement them. The purpose of this study was to replicate Novotny et al. (2020) and evaluate a web-based program for teaching parents to conduct BST to teach safety skills to prevent gunplay. We randomly assigned 18 children to the parent-conducted BST group or a control group and evaluated the intervention in a posttest only control group design. Children in the control group or treatment group who did not score a three in the in situ assessment (do not touch, get away, and tell an adult) received IST from their parents and were assessed again. Results showed that safety skill scores were statistically significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant increase in safety skills scores following IST for children who received it.     

Child Personality as Moderator of Outcome in a School‐based Intervention for Preventing Externalising Behaviour

Studying moderators of intervention effects is essential to elucidate what works for whom. The present study investigated whether child personality moderates short‐term and follow‐up effects of an individualised preventive school‐based intervention for children with externalising behaviour. The sample consisted of 48 schools, with 264 fourth‐grade children displaying externalising behaviour (M_age = 10.2 years), randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 191) or no intervention control (n = 73) condition. Teachers and children reported at pretest, posttest and follow‐up test about reactive and proactive aggression. Child personality was assessed by teachers at pretest. Child conscientiousness moderated short‐term intervention effects, indicating that more organised and planful children benefited more from the intervention. Child extraversion moderated both short‐term and follow‐up intervention effects, with low extraverted children showing larger effects. These results affirm the importance of including personality as moderator of intervention effects in future studies, as interventions adapted to specific child traits might yield larger effects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

两种类型数学困难儿童的执行水平

使用Crack the Code任务考察单纯型与混合型数学困难小学儿童的执行水平,结果发现:单纯型数学困难儿童在对认知资源要求较高的任务上的执行水平显著低于数学优良生,但在认知要求较低的任务上二者之间没有显著差异;混合型数学困难儿童执行水平最低,在两个难度水平执行任务上的表现均显著差于数学优良生、单纯型数学困难儿童.小学儿童执行水平年级差异似乎主要表现在认知负荷较高的任务上,1年级学生与3、5年级学生的执行水平存在显著差异.     

Parts and 'holes': gaps in rational number sense among children with vs. without mathematical learning disabilities

Many middle-school students struggle with decimals and fractions, even if they do not have a mathematical learning disability (MLD). In the present longitudinal study, we examined whether children with MLD have weaker rational number knowledge than children whose difficulty with rational numbers occurs in the absence of MLD. We found that children with MLD failed to accurately name decimals, to correctly rank order decimals and/or fractions, and to identify equivalent ratios (e.g. 0.5 = 1/2); they also 'identified' incorrect equivalents (e.g. 0.05 = 0.50). Children with low math achievement but no MLD accurately named decimals and identified equivalent pairs, but failed to correctly rank order decimals and fractions. Thus failure to accurately name decimals was an indicator of MLD; but accurate naming was no guarantee of rational number knowledge - most children who failed to correctly rank order fractions and decimals tests passed the naming task. Most children who failed the ranking tests at 6th grade also failed at 8th grade. Our findings suggest that a simple task involving naming and rank ordering fractions and decimals may be a useful addition to in-class assessments used to determine children's learning of rational numbers.