青少年抑郁情绪的行为遗传学研究

本研究意在探讨青少年抑郁情绪遗传率的性别和年龄差异及遗传和环境对抑郁情绪跨时间连续性的影响。508对同卵双生子, 176对同性别异卵双生子参加了两轮追踪研究, 时间间隔约为一年半(1.37±0.44)。第一轮测量双生子的年龄范围为10~18岁, 平均年龄为13.69±2.04岁, 男生比例为46.2%。采用儿童抑郁量表(CDI)对青少年的抑郁情绪进行多报告者评定。结果发现, 青少年抑郁情绪的遗传解释率不存在性别差异, 处于青春早期青少年的遗传解释率高于青春中期的青少年。遗传是影响青春早期青少年抑郁情绪持续发生的主导因素, 而环境是影响青春中期青少年抑郁情绪持续发生的主要因素。     

受欺负对抑郁情绪的影响:悲伤、愤怒反刍的中介作用及性别差异

为探究受欺负对于个体抑郁情绪的影响,以及反刍这一认知因素在其中的作用与性别差异,采用受欺负问卷、儿童应对方式问卷中的悲伤反刍分量表、愤怒反刍问卷、儿童抑郁量表对2582名初中二年级学生（男生1328人,女生1254人;平均年龄13.95岁,SD=0.60）进行问卷调查。结果发现：（1）受欺负与悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍、抑郁情绪均呈显著正相关;（2）受欺负、悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍均可显著正向预测个体的抑郁情绪,且悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍在受欺负和抑郁情绪的关系中发挥部分中介作用;（3）该模型存在性别差异。女生悲伤反刍对抑郁情绪的预测作用显著大于男生。研究从悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍的角度揭示了受欺负对青少年抑郁情绪的作用机制,为从认知水平上干预青少年心理健康问题提供了参考。     

学习不良青少年与一般青少年学业情绪特点的比较研究

本研究采用问卷法调查了1034名青少年(学习不良青少年506名),比较了学习不良青少年与一般青少年的学业情绪的特点。结果表明:(1)学习不良青少年的积极学业情绪显著低于一般青少年;学习不良青少年的消极学业情绪显著高于一般青少年。(2)学习不良青少年与一般青少年在学业情绪上的差异主要表现在初一、初二和高二、高三年级。(3)总体来说,男生的积极学业情绪多于女生,女生的消极学业情绪多于男生。     

DRD2基因TaqIA多态性与同伴侵害对青少年早期抑郁的交互作用

本研究运用问卷法与DNA分型技术,对1063名青少年(初次测评年龄为12.32±0.47岁,50.3%女生)进行间隔2年的追踪调查,考察DRD2基因TaqIA多态性与同伴身体侵害和关系侵害对青少年早期抑郁的交互作用及其性别差异。结果发现,TaqIA多态性与身体侵害、关系侵害均对男青少年抑郁存在显著的交互作用。在携带A2A2基因型的男生中,身体侵害和关系侵害可以显著正向预测其抑郁水平,而在携带A1等位基因的男生中,同伴侵害对抑郁无预测作用。此外,TaqIA多态性与身体侵害、关系侵害对女生抑郁均无显著交互作用。研究结果提示,同伴侵害是一种重要的候选环境指标,与TaqIA多态性交互影响青少年早期抑郁,并且性别在这一基因×环境交互作用中起到重要的调节效应。     

青少年学业情绪问卷的编制及应用

通过文献分析,结合访谈和半开放式问卷,将学业情绪确定为积极高唤醒、积极低唤醒、消极高唤醒、消极低唤醒四个维度。以1731名初一到高三学生为被试,通过三次取样测试,编制了青少年学业情绪问卷。通过对问卷的内部一致性信度、分半信度、结构效度和校标效度的检验,表明青少年学业情绪问卷具有较好的理论构想、良好的信效度指标。应用本问卷对3588名青少年的调查表明,青少年的学业情绪存在显著的年级和性别差异,初中生的积极学业情绪多于高中生,消极学业情绪少于高中生。男生的积极学业情绪多于女生,女生的消极学业情绪多于男生。研究表明青少年学业情绪问卷是研究青少年学业问题的一个有效工具     

青少年网络自我表露与抑郁:社会支持的性别效应

本研究旨在探讨青少年网络自我表露对抑郁的作用机制及作用机制的性别差异。采用问卷法调查了667名初中生。结果显示,女生对同性好友的网络自我表露对抑郁存在正向的间接效应和负向的直接效应,而男生对同性好友的网络自我表露只有正向的间接效应;女生对异性好友的网络自我表露仅有负向的直接效应,男生对异性好友的网络自我表露仅有正向的间接效应。研究表明青少年网络自我表露通过社会支持对抑郁的作用机制存在性别差异。     

儿童抑郁量表的结构及儿童青少年抑郁发展的特点

本研究采用美国心理学家Kovacs编制的“儿童抑郁量表”(Children' sDepression Inventory,CDI)(Kovacs,1981)对天津市895名7-17岁普通中小学生进行了测量,研究结果表明:(1)该量表的重测相关系数为0.79,Gutman分半信度为0.82,Cronbach α系数为0.84,量表各项目与总分之间的相关在0.15-0.58之间,均达到了显着性水平,表明该量表具有较好的重测信度、分半信度以及较高的内部一致性.(2)儿童青少年的抑郁水平呈现随年龄增长而增高的趋势,初中生和高中生的抑郁水平分别显着高于小学生的抑郁水平,但初、高中生之间无显着性差异.(3)就总体而言,男生的抑郁水平显着高于女生.进一步分析发现,性别与年级间存在交互作用,小学、初中和高中男生的抑郁水平间无显着性差异,而女生之间则存在着显着的差异;小学男生的抑郁水平高于女生的抑郁水平,两者之间的差异达到了显着性水平,而初、高中男女生之间无显着性差异.     

父母消极抚养方式与父母冲突和青少年社会适应的关系

以720名小学、初中和高中生为被试,采用问卷法,探讨父母消极抚养方式与父母冲突和青少年社会适应的关系,并检验父母消极抚养方式在父母冲突与青少年适应间的中介作用。结果发现：（1）与孩子有关的父母冲突显著多于与父母自身有关的冲突,初中生报告的两种冲突显著多于小学生;母亲消极抚养显著多于父亲,父母对男生的消极抚养显著多于女生,父母对初中生的消极抚养显著多于小学生;青少年的抑郁、学习问题较多,在抑郁、不良行为上存在显著的性别主效应,女生抑郁多于男生,男生的不良行为多于女生。在抑郁、学习问题和不良行为上存在显著年级主效应,初、高中生的抑郁、学习问题和不良行为显著多于小学生;（2）与孩子或父母有关的冲突越多,父母消极抚养越多;（3）父母消极抚养越多,青少年抑郁、不良行为、学习问题越多;（4）父母消极抚养在父母冲突与青少年社会适应中起部分中介作用。     

自尊在青少年抑郁与攻击之间的中介作用

目的研究探讨了自尊在青少年抑郁和攻击之间的中介作用。方法研究选取了256名年龄在12到16岁的初中生,采用青少年自尊评定问卷测量自尊,儿童抑郁量表测量抑郁,AQ攻击量表测量攻击。结果研究结果表明,自尊在性别维度上并无差异。自尊和抑郁、自尊和攻击之间存在负相关,抑郁和攻击之间存在相对较小的正相关。结论自尊在青少年抑郁和攻击关系中起部分中介作用。     

童年期抑郁情绪发展的异质性与可预测性:2年追踪研究

以儿童抑郁量表为研究工具,对小学3到4年级771名儿童进行了2年的追踪研究。采用潜类别增长模型和终端结局潜发展模型,分别考察了童年期儿童抑郁情绪发展的亚群组类型,以及儿童抑郁情绪的发展特征对观察期结束时抑郁情绪的预测作用。结果表明：（1）童年期儿童的抑郁情绪发展呈现出三种不同的亚类型,即抑郁高风险组、抑郁低风险组和抑郁自愈组,各类型组人数比例分别为9.6%、53.4%和36.8%;（2）童年期儿童抑郁情绪的初始水平及其发展变化率均可以显著预测观察期结束时的抑郁情绪状况。童年期儿童抑郁情绪的早期监测工作有着重要的实践意义。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.