部件特征和正字法意识在儿童汉字书写发展中的作用

研究以北京地区262名汉语儿童为研究对象,探讨了部件复杂程度和部件数量对儿童延迟抄写成绩的影响,并通过一年的追踪,考察了儿童书写加工基本单位及其发展变化历程,并分析了儿童的正字法意识对其书写能力发展的预测作用。实验一发现汉语儿童的书写单位是一个从笔画到部件的多水平发展过程,在控制整字笔画的情况下,对于部件复杂的汉字,以笔画为单位进行编码,错误类型以笔画乱写和部件错误为主,而对于由简单部件组成的汉字,主要以部件为单位进行组块,儿童多犯部件替换的错误。实验二发现在部件复杂程度相同的情况下,汉字所包含的部件数量越多,儿童的书写正确率越低,多犯部件缺失和部件替换的错误。实验三发现儿童一年级的正字法意识能够显著预测当年及一年后的书写成绩,表明正字法意识对于儿童的书写发展具有重要作用。     

汉字结构特点和出现次数在儿童字形学习中的作用

以二年级儿童为研究对象,采用“自我教学”（self-teaching）范式（Share,1999）,通过操纵汉字类型、出现次数和测试时间,考察儿童的字形学习效果。结果发现,儿童在故事朗读中的字形学习受汉字结构和部件熟悉性的影响,表现为独体字有稳定的再认优势,熟悉部件能促进合体字短期的再认和回忆,这对今后的理论研究和教学实践都具有一定启示意义。     

汉字的无线索回忆再认效应:重复学习和重复测验的作用

采用无线索回忆再认范式,对基于熟悉性的汉字语义特征再认进行了探索,考察了重复学习和重复测验对汉字语义特征的无线索回忆再认效应(RWCR效应)的影响。实验1采用即时测验,实验2采用延时测验,结果发现:(1)无论即时还是延时测验,汉字语义特征的再认均存在RWCR效应。(2)在即时测验时,重复学习对熟悉性有显著影响,重复测验对熟悉性没有影响;重复学习和重复测验均提高回想成绩,但二者无差异。(3)在延时测验时,重复学习组和重复测验组的熟悉性评分均下降,但前者下降快于后者;重复测验组回想的遗忘率较低,重复学习组回想的遗忘率较高。上述结果说明,汉字的语义特征存在稳定的RWCR效应,且重复学习主要影响熟悉性,重复测验主要影响回想。进一步证明了再认记忆的双加工理论。     

书写对阅读的影响——来自传统书写与电脑打字的证据

书写和阅读是在文字的基础上发展起来的, 二者存在共享的神经网络。书写能影响阅读, 阅读不仅依靠视觉加工, 还依赖书写运动表征。不同书写方式对阅读的影响不同, 传统书写对阅读有促进作用, 电脑打字对阅读产生了一定的消极影响。对汉字来说, 传统书写能加强汉字的正字法表征, 促进汉字阅读; 电脑打字对汉字阅读的影响尚无一致结论。未来研究可以考察传统书写与电脑打字神经机制的差异, 以及电脑打字对汉字认知加工的影响及神经机制。     

自学辅导教学实验研究的方法(二)

(四)、自学辅导教学与常规教学对于遗忘问题的比较研究 1.问题发现阶段学习是由经验而引起的一种行为的变化;记忆是学习的结果,是行为变化的保持;遗忘是对学过的东西不能保持或回忆,保持的遗忘是一对矛盾的两个方面。什么叫做遗忘呢?已形成的暂时联系(已习得的知识经验)不能再认和回忆,或者错误地再认或回忆,就叫做遗忘。关于自学是否容易遗忘的问题,在国内外都有反应。在国     

阅读障碍儿童语音提取

儿童在提取短时记忆系统的语音信息时,往往会造成部分信息的丢失和回忆量的下降,这种信息丢失量的多少与中央执行系统功能有着密切的联系。为了考察阅读障碍儿童的语音提取特点,挖掘他们记忆失败的本质,使用自由回忆和再认两种任务,考察阅读障碍儿童在无意义音节和汉语词汇上的提取特点,结果发现：（1）阅读障碍儿童在语音提取时,丢失的信息率要显著多于正常儿童,这种丢失可能是由于他们落后的中央执行功能所致;（2）阅读障碍儿童单纯的语音保持能力正常,但不擅长利用语义编码来促进短时记忆效果,而正常儿童却能够较好地利用语义线索。     

脑外伤患者内隐记忆康复护理可行性研究

探讨脑外伤患者在高强度练习和准确反馈条件下,内隐学习知识效应和底层规则迁移易化能力。结果发现：①脑外伤患者在汉字整体偏好深加工的非显著特征学习与对照组一样有效;在笔划浅加工的显著特征学习,明显低于对照组;在自由回忆和再认的重复测验中,患者组与对照组存在显著性差异。②脑外伤患者学习记忆具有整体性、直观性、模糊抽象性、无意识性等特点。③脑外伤患者存在着内隐学习知识效应和内隐知识学习效应,且随着训练强化和训练方法的改进,有增强和外显记忆转化的趋势。     

空间书写障碍的个案研究

根据书写加工理论,从异形字水平、图解动作模式水平和神经动作执行水平三个方面,综合考察一例空间书写障碍儿童的认知加工特点。结果表明：（1）个案QY的异形字水平出现选择性损伤,在视觉整体特征的知觉加工上存在困难,导致自发书写的汉字难以辨识,存在严重的间架结构问题。（2）个案QY在图解动作模式水平以及神经动作执行水平上表现正常     

学龄儿童汉语正字法意识发展的研究

该研究以小学一年级、三年级、五年级儿童及大学生为被试,让他们对左右、上下和半包围三种结构类型的９０个真字、假字和非字进行词汇判断,以探讨儿童正字法意识的发展,结构类型的相应影响,以及年龄对汉字识别中结构类型效应的作用。结果表明;（１）儿童正字法意识的形成是以识字为基础的逐步发展的过程。小学一年级儿童已萌发了正字法意识,但至五年级时才基本达到了成人水平。（２）只有小学一年级被试的真字识别受结构类型影响。汉字识别中是否存在结构类型效应可能与被试识字经验、材料熟悉性等因素有关．（３）年级内部正字法意识的萌发和年级之间正字法意识发展的差异不受结构类型的影响,但萌发之后各年级内部均是对左右结构汉字正字法意识优于上下结构和半包围结构。     

预警和呈现时间对错误再认和错误回忆的影响

采用DRM范式,通过两个实验探讨了学习阶段的预警和词表呈现时间对错误再认与错误回忆的影响异同以及其发生作用的可能条件.采用视觉-视觉通道的学习-测验模式,实验1使用再认测验,结果发现呈现时间对错误再认不存在影响,而预警提示有效地降低了错误再认;实验2使用回忆测验,依然没有发现呈现时间对错误回忆的影响效应,预警的效应也消失.以上结果表明:(1)预警对错误回忆的影响受到编码时呈现通道的影响,视觉编码条件下预警效果甚微,而错误再认则无此通道效应;(2)呈现时间的较大变化可同时促进激活与监测过程,错误记忆效应的大小是激活与监测双加工过程此消彼长的交互作用结果.     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.