父亲的角色态度对其教养投入的影响：母亲态度类型的调节作用

本研究采用双亲关于父亲角色的态度问卷及父亲教养投入问卷,对427个3~7岁儿童的父母进行调查,考察父亲关于自身角色的态度对其教养投入的影响以及母亲关于父亲角色的态度类型在其中的调节作用.结果表明:(1)父亲关于自身教养价值、教养动机、教养技能的态度均可正向预测其教养投入,而父亲关于自身教养天性的态度对其教养投入没有显著的预测作用;(2)母亲态度类型在父亲的教养动机与其教养投入之间具有调节作用,在父亲角色态度的其他维度与教养投入之间无显著的调节效应.当母亲为矛盾型和拒绝型时,父亲的教养动机可正向预测其教养投入;当母亲为接纳型时,父亲的教养动机对其教养投入不具有预测作用.     

父母的婚姻满意度对父亲教养投入的影响：父母协同教养的中介作用

在全国多个省市选取364对幼儿父母,采用父亲教养投入问卷、婚姻满意度问卷和协同教养问卷分别测查父亲教养投入、父母婚姻满意度及协同教养状况,通过结构方程模型检验父母的婚姻满意度、协同教养和父亲教养投入三者间的溢出、补偿和交叉效应及协同教养在父母婚姻满意度与父亲教养投入间的中介作用。结果发现：（1）溢出、补偿和交叉效应同时存在于婚姻满意度、协同教养与父亲教养投入三者之间;（2）以协同教养的团结或一致维度为中介变量时,父亲的协同教养行为可完全或部分中介父亲婚姻满意度对父亲教养投入的影响,母亲的婚姻满意度和母亲的协同教养行为对父亲教养投入均没有影响;以协同教养的冲突或贬低维度为中介变量时,父母的婚姻满意度直接对父亲教养投入产生影响,父母的协同教养行为不存在中介作用。     

父母教养压力对教养投入的影响：配偶协同教养行为的调节效应

基于家庭系统视角,提出配偶协同教养行为调节另一方父母教养压力与投入关系的模型;通过比较积极和消极协同的影响差异,对父职易感性假说进行拓展。采用问卷法调查1554个青少年家庭的父母双方,结果发现：（1）父/母教养压力负向影响自身教养投入;（2）相较于高水平的母亲消极协同,当母亲表现为低水平的消极协同时,父亲教养压力的降低更有助于父亲教养投入的提升;（3）相较于低水平的父亲积极协同,当父亲表现为高水平的积极协同时,母亲教养压力的降低更有助于母亲教养投入的提升。上述父母差异预示着从整合和比较视角探索家庭教养的必要性。     

父母教养投入对青少年情绪和行为适应的影响差异:亲子依恋的中介作用

为比较同一家庭父亲与母亲教养投入对青少年情绪和行为适应的影响及作用机制差异,采用问卷对1155名中小学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)父亲教养投入显著预测青少年情绪适应,母亲教养投入显著预测青少年行为适应;(2)父亲教养投入仅通过父子依恋的完全中介作用影响青少年的情绪和行为适应; 母亲教养投入既通过母子依恋的部分中介作用影响青少年的消极行为适应,也通过父子依恋的部分中介作用影响青少年的情绪和行为适应。结论表明:父亲与母亲教养投入对青少年情绪和行为适应的直接影响存在适应领域的特异性,其作用机制也存在差异。本研究精准地区分出父亲与母亲教养投入影响青少年适应性的特定范围及不同的作用机制,这对于同一家庭内的父亲与母亲教养投入的精准干预提供了新的视角。     

父亲协同教养行为与青少年同伴依恋的关系:父子依恋的中介作用与青少年情绪性的调节作用

以3045位青少年为被试,采用父母协同教养问卷青少年评价版的父亲卷、青少年依恋问卷中的父子依恋和同伴依恋分问卷、中学生人格五因素问卷的情绪性维度进行测量,基于家庭系统理论、协同教养的生态模型和依恋的内部工作模式理论构建了一个有调节的中介模型。结果发现：（1）父子依恋在父亲协同教养的团结、贬低行为与青少年同伴依恋之间发挥中介作用;（2）青少年的情绪性在父子依恋影响青少年同伴依恋的关系中起调节作用,即情绪性调节了中介过程的后半路径,具体而言,当青少年情绪性升高时,父子依恋对青少年同伴依恋的促进作用减弱。本研究的结果有助于完善协同教养的相关理论,对加强青少年家庭中的父亲协同教养行为具有实践意义。     

父母婚姻质量、协同教养对青少年问题行为的影响:同时或者滞后溢出?

采用父母婚姻质量、协同教养和SDQ问卷,对416名初中生进行6个月的追踪测试,考察父母婚姻质量与协同教养之间的溢出效应及其对青少年问题行为的影响。结果发现：（1）父母婚姻质量与协同教养之间不仅存在同时溢出效应,而且存在滞后溢出效应;（2）在同一时间段内,父亲婚姻质量通过父亲团结性协同教养对青少年问题行为具有负向预测作用;（3）母亲婚姻质量不仅在同一时间段内,而且在不同时间段内通过母亲的冲突性、贬低性协同教养对青少年问题行为具有正向预测作用。因此,父母婚姻质量通过协同教养对青少年问题行为起着长期的、重要的影响。     

母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系：父亲教养投入的中介作用

以597个核心家庭的父亲、母亲和青少年为研究对象,通过问卷调查探讨了母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系以及父亲教养投入在其中的中介作用。结果表明：（1）母亲开门行为正向预测父子依恋,母亲关门行为负向预测父子依恋;（2）母亲开门行为通过正向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋,而母亲关门行为通过负向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋。研究结果扩展了母亲守门行为的作用效果研究,对家庭教育实践具有一定的指导意义。     

母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系：父亲教养投入的中介作用

以597个核心家庭的父亲、母亲和青少年为研究对象,通过问卷调查探讨了母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系以及父亲教养投入在其中的中介作用。结果表明：（1）母亲开门行为正向预测父子依恋,母亲关门行为负向预测父子依恋;（2）母亲开门行为通过正向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋,而母亲关门行为通过负向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋。研究结果扩展了母亲守门行为的作用效果研究,对家庭教育实践具有一定的指导意义。     

父母教养投入对青少年亲社会行为的影响:亲子依恋的中介作用

在北京、广东、河南、辽宁等省市的20所中小学中选取小学五年级、初中二年级和高中二年级学生共2370名,采用父母教养投入问卷（青少年版）、亲子依恋问卷和亲社会行为问卷,通过结构方程模型探讨青少年感知的父母教养投入行为对其亲社会行为的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：（1）青少年感知的父母教养投入显著正向预测青少年的亲社会行为,母亲的影响显著大于父亲;（2）亲子依恋在父母教养投入对青少年亲社会行为的影响中具有中介作用;（3）父亲和母亲教养投入影响青少年亲社会行为的作用机制存在差异,其中父亲教养投入通过父子依恋的完全中介作用对亲社会行为产生正向影响;母亲教养投入对亲社会行为的影响既会通过母子依恋的部分中介作用发挥积极作用,也会通过父子依恋的遮掩效应产生负向削弱作用。     

父亲参与教养状况对学前儿童社会技能的作用

作为孩子成长的关键人物之一,父亲对儿童早期的社会性发展具有重要作用。本研究以184名学前中班儿童及其父母为被试,考察父亲参与教养的量(参与教养的时间)和质(积极教养行为)对儿童早期社会技能的作用。结果发现:(1)控制母亲积极教养行为以后,父亲参与教养时间仍显著预测儿童的社会技能,父亲积极教养行为的预测作用不再显著。(2)控制母亲积极教养行为后,父亲参与教养时间显著预测女孩的合作性、责任感、自我控制及总体社会技能,边缘显著预测男孩的主张性;父亲积极教养行为边缘显著预测男孩的主张性,对女孩各项社会技能的预测均不显著。(3)父亲参与教养时间显著预测母亲积极教养水平低组儿童的合作性、主张性、责任感、自我控制及总体社会技能,父亲积极教养行为边缘显著预测母亲积极教养低组儿童的合作性和总体社会技能。表明父亲参与教养对母亲消极教养具有缓冲作用,其中父亲参与教养时间的缓冲效应更明显。     

Fathering Self-Efficacy, Marital Satisfaction and Father Involvement in Hong Kong

We examined the predictability of fathering self-efficacy and marital satisfaction on father involvement. The moderating effect of marital satisfaction on the relationship between father efficacy and father involvement was also explored. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the convenience sampling method. A total of 2,029 valid questionnaires were collected from fathers with children aged 2–6 from 48 nurseries in Hong Kong. The fathers’ mean age is 39.1. 72.9 % of the fathers graduated from secondary school and 86 % had full-time jobs. Measures including self-efficacy subscale in the Parenting Sense of Competency Scale, the Index of Marital Satisfaction, the Inventory of Father Involvement were adopted in the present study. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that fathering self-efficacy and marital satisfaction were significant positive predictors of father involvement, whereas marital satisfaction moderated the effect of fathering self-efficacy on father involvement. It is thus important to improve martial satisfaction and enhance fathering self-efficacy for promoting father involvement. To gain a more comprehensive picture, future studies of father involvement may benefit by adopting a longitudinal research design, including the mothers and children as informants, and addressing other parenting correlates such as parenting stress and spousal support.     

母亲抑郁和惩罚对儿童早期问题行为的影响及父亲的保护作用

儿童早期是母亲消极情绪和行为的易感期,母亲抑郁和消极的教养行为可能导致儿童早期多方面的发展问题,而父亲的积极教养则可能对孩子的健康发展起到保护作用。本研究以184名学前儿童的父亲和母亲为被试,考察母亲抑郁情绪和惩罚行为对儿童问题行为的影响及作用机制,以及父亲积极鼓励在其中的调节作用。结果发现:(1)母亲抑郁显著预测儿童的内向问题行为,母亲惩罚显著预测内向和外向问题行为;(2)母亲抑郁完全通过其惩罚行为影响儿童的外向问题行为,部分通过惩罚影响儿童的内向问题行为;(3)父亲积极鼓励显著调节母亲抑郁对外向问题行为的影响,边缘显著调节母亲抑郁对内向问题行为的影响;父亲积极鼓励对母亲惩罚与内、外向问题行为之间的关系的调节不显著,表明积极的父亲鼓励可以缓冲母亲抑郁对儿童问题行为的影响。     

Father Involvement and Coparenting Behavior: Parents' Nontraditional Beliefs and Family Earner Status as Moderators

This study investigated relations between father involvement in caregiving and play and coparenting behavior using self-report and observational data from 80 two-parent families of preschool-aged children, and examined parents' nontraditional beliefs about fathers' roles and family earner status as moderators of these relations. Results indicated that greater father involvement in caregiving and play was associated with less observed undermining coparenting behavior in dual-earner families. Conversely, greater father involvement in caregiving was associated with less perceived supportive and greater perceived undermining coparenting behavior in single-earner families. Father involvement in play was not related to coparenting behavior among single-earner families. This study highlights the importance of considering parental employment patterns and the multidimensional nature of fathering behavior when studying fathering and coparenting.     

父亲参与教养与农村寄宿制学生学校适应：自我控制的中介作用和相对剥夺感的调节作用

为探讨父亲参与教养与学校适应的关系及其作用机制,采用问卷法对548名农村寄宿制学生进行调查。结果发现：（1）父亲参与教养与自我控制、学校适应呈显著正相关;（2）父亲参与教养既能直接正向预测农村寄宿制学生的学校适应,也能通过自我控制的中介预测学校适应;（3）相对剥夺感在自我控制的中介作用中起到调节,当农村寄宿制学生的相对剥夺感较高时,父亲参与教养对自我控制的作用减弱。研究结果揭示了父亲参与教养对农村寄宿制学生学校适应的影响及作用机制,能为提高农村寄宿制学生的学校适应水平提供有效启示。     

Father involvement, paternal sensitivity, and father-child attachment security in the first 3 years

To reach a greater understanding of the early father-child attachment relationship, this study examined concurrent and longitudinal associations among father involvement, paternal sensitivity, and father-child attachment security at 13 months and 3 years of age. Analyses revealed few associations among these variables at 13 months of age, but involvement and sensitivity independently predicted father-child attachment security at age 3. Moreover, sensitivity moderated the association between involvement and attachment security at 3 years. Specifically, involvement was unrelated to attachment security when fathers were highly sensitive, but positively related to attachment security when fathers were relatively less sensitive. Father involvement was also moderately stable across the two time points, but paternal sensitivity was not. Furthermore, there was significant stability in father-child attachment security from 13 months to 3 years. Secure attachment at 13 months also predicted greater levels of paternal sensitivity at 3 years, with sensitivity at age 3 mediating the association between 13 month and 3 year attachment security. In sum, a secure father-child attachment relationship (a) was related to both quantity and quality of fathering behavior, (b) remained relatively stable across early childhood, and (c) predicted increased paternal sensitivity over time. These findings further our understanding of the correlates of early father-child attachment, and underscore the need to consider multiple domains of fathers' parenting and reciprocal relations between fathering behavior and father-child attachment security.     

Maternal gatekeeping, coparenting quality, and fathering behavior in families with infants

The present study examined the role of maternal gatekeeping behavior in relation to fathers' relative involvement and competence in child care in 97 families with infant children. Parents' beliefs about fathers' roles were assessed prior to their infant's birth. Parents' perceptions of maternal gatekeeping behavior (encouragement and criticism) and coparenting relationship quality were assessed at 3.5 months postpartum. The authors assessed fathers' relative involvement and competence in child care using a combination of parent report and observational measures. Results suggest that even after accounting for parents' beliefs about the paternal role and the overall quality of the coparenting relationship, greater maternal encouragement was associated with higher parent-reported relative father involvement. Moreover, maternal encouragement mediated the association between coparenting quality and reported relative father involvement. With respect to fathers' observed behavior, fathers' beliefs and parents' perceptions of coparenting relationship quality were relevant only when mothers engaged in low levels of criticism and high levels of encouragement, respectively. These findings are consistent with the notion that mothers may shape father involvement through their roles as "gatekeepers."