父母冲突对青少年社交焦虑的影响：序列中介效应分析

采用父母冲突儿童知觉量表(CPIC)、父母关系安全感量表(SIS Scale)和社交焦虑分量表调查480名高中生,运用偏差矫正的百分位Bootstrap方法探索青少年对父母冲突的威胁知觉和情绪不安全感在父母冲突水平与青少年社交焦虑之间的序列中介作用。本研究同时检验认知情境理论和情绪安全感理论,发现青少年对父母冲突的威胁知觉对其情绪不安全感的不同维度存在不同影响,从而更为完善地揭示父母冲突影响青少年社交焦虑的内部机制。具体来说,父母冲突主要通过三条途径影响青少年社交焦虑:通过威胁知觉的中介作用;通过情绪不安全感,特别是消极表征的中介作用;通过依次影响威胁知觉和情绪不安全感(特别是消极表征和情绪失调)而正向预测青少年社交焦虑。     

父母冲突与青少年网络成瘾的关系:冲突评价和情绪管理的中介作用

本研究从北京、重庆和石家庄选取三所初中学校1038名初一到初三学生为被试,采用问卷调查的方式以探讨青少年感知的父母冲突对其网络成瘾的影响,以及青少年对父母冲突的认知评价和情绪管理在其中的中介作用。结果表明:(1)总体来看,父母冲突和青少年对父母冲突的认知评价与青少年的网络成瘾呈显著正相关,而青少年的情绪管理与其网络成瘾呈显著负相关;(2)父母冲突不仅直接影响青少年的网络成瘾,而且还通过青少年的冲突评价和情绪管理间接影响青少年的网络成瘾,但直接作用更为明显。(3)相比青少年的冲突评价,青少年的情绪管理起着更为重要的中介作用。     

父母婚姻冲突对儿童发展的影响及其机制

婚姻关系是家庭关系中最核心的关系, 家庭中父母婚姻冲突影响着儿童发展。众多研究发现, 父母婚姻冲突对儿童认知发展和情绪社会性发展均有重要影响, 而且父母婚姻冲突影响儿童发展存在复杂的作用机制(如中介机制和调节机制)。父母婚姻冲突对儿童发展的影响主要通过儿童认知-情绪过程和家庭过程来实现, 且这一影响会因多种儿童因素和环境因素的不同而不同。未来研究有必要同时考察父母婚姻冲突对儿童认知发展和情绪社会性发展的影响, 并进一步探究和整合多种作用机制, 为干预方案的制定提供有力支持。     

离婚家庭儿童学习活动的问题及成因

近年来,随着我国离婚率的逐年增长,父母离婚对儿童心理发展的不利影响越来越受到社会的重视.国外已有研究表明,离婚对离婚夫妇的心理和行为,特别是对离婚家庭儿童的心理和行为,如认知发展、学习成熟、心理健康、社会性发展等方面,均有不可忽视的消极影响.最近几年,国内出现了少量的研究,研究表明家庭破裂给儿童造成的心理创伤是明显的、多角度的、长期存在的.为了系统探明父母离婚对儿童发展的影响,我们在全国妇联的关怀和支持下,对全国27个省、市、自治区的近7所小学进行了调查.本文旨在这项调查的基础上,探讨离婚家庭儿童的学习活动问题和成因.     

父母冲突对青少年抑郁的影响:认知反应性的中介作用

采用父母冲突儿童知觉量表(CPIC)、抑郁体验问卷(DEQ)、莱顿抑郁敏感指数量表(LEIDS)测量753名高中生,以便分析认知反应性在父母冲突与抑郁之间的中介作用。结果表明:(1)父母冲突显著正向预测认知反应性; 认知反应性显著正向预测青少年抑郁;(2)认知反应性在父母冲突与青少年抑郁之间具有完全中介作用。因此,认知反应性作为中介变量,父母冲突通过认知反应性对青少年抑郁具有稳定的间接作用。     

离异家庭儿童良好适应的影响因素的研究

关于离异家庭儿童的心理、行为特征以及离婚对儿童心理发展的影响,许多研究者已进行了大量的研究,揭示了一些基本规律.目前,在我国,家庭离异已逐渐成为一种普遍的社会现象,离异家庭儿童的增多给心理与教育工作者带来了新的难题.如何帮助离异家庭儿童迅速地、良好地适应父母离婚造成的社会生活环境变化,以减少这些儿童因父母离婚这一突发性事件造成的心理伤害及其后的消极影响,是广大心理与教育工作者普遍关心和迫切需要了解的向题.     

父母心理控制与小学儿童焦虑：一个有调节的中介模型

采用班级整群抽样法选取山东省某市三至五年级464名小学儿童及其父母为被试进行为期一年的追踪研究,采用父母心理控制问卷、亲子冲突量表、努力控制问卷和儿童焦虑量表考察父母心理控制对儿童焦虑的影响,以及亲子冲突在两者之间的中介作用和儿童努力控制的调节作用。结果发现：(1)父亲/母亲心理控制均可以显著正向预测一年后的儿童焦虑,与父亲心理控制相比,母亲心理控制对儿童焦虑的预测作用更强;(2)父亲/母亲心理控制可以显著正向预测相应的父子/母子冲突(主体效应),母亲心理控制同时还可以显著正向预测父子冲突(伴侣效应);(3)只有母子冲突在母亲心理控制与儿童焦虑之间起部分中介作用,且中介效应的后半段路径受儿童努力控制的调节,即儿童高水平的努力控制缓冲了母子冲突对儿童焦虑的影响。     

父母婚姻冲突对青少年抑郁情绪的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

采用整群抽样法选取宁波市四所中学初一至初三共537名学生为被试,以问卷调查法考察父母婚姻冲突与青少年抑郁情绪的关系,同时探讨心理韧性的中介作用,以及该作用是否受到社会支持的调节。结果发现：（1）心理韧性在父母婚姻冲突与青少年抑郁情绪之间起部分中介作用;（2）社会支持调节了父母婚姻冲突通过心理韧性影响青少年抑郁情绪中介过程的前半路径和后半路径。研究结果揭示了父母婚姻冲突影响青少年抑郁情绪的内部机制,对增强青少年心理韧性的强度以及减少抑郁等情绪问题具有重要的理论与实践价值。     

家庭微系统对幼儿心理理论的影响:因素、过程和机制

基于国内外家庭对幼儿心理理论影响的研究,可将家庭微系统分成三个子系统:家庭基本环境子系统(包含家庭社会经济地位和兄弟姐妹数量类型)、父母与儿童互动子系统(包含依恋类型、教养方式、情绪表达和亲子游戏)和兄弟姐妹与儿童互动子系统(包含合作冲突和假装游戏)。家庭微系统对幼儿心理理论的影响机制模型可假设为:家庭基本环境子系统中家庭社会经济地位影响着父母与儿童互动子系统,兄弟姐妹数量类型影响着兄弟姐妹与儿童互动子系统。父母与儿童互动子系统、兄弟姐妹与儿童互动子系统中的各变量均通过心理状态术语使用这一中介变量进而影响儿童心理理论的发展。该模型需要实证研究加以进一步验证。     

离婚对儿童心理发展影响的长期效应

大量的心理学、教育学和社会学研究表明,父母离异将会对儿童的心理发展产生多方面的消极影响。但在离婚对儿童心理发展的影响是长期的还是短期的问题上,国内外许多发展心理学家一直持有两种截然不同的看法。     

The Unique Influences of Parental Divorce and Parental Conflict on Emerging Adults in Romantic Relationships

Parental divorce and parental conflict influence children across multiple domains, including risk of divorce in their own marriages. However, parental conflict and divorce, both separately and the interaction between the two, have not often been studied in premarital relationships, especially when considering possible mechanisms mediating these effects. In a large sample of emerging adults (N = 353), we show that when the most plausible mediating mechanisms are simultaneously considered, only relational commitment mediates the influence of parental conflict on outcomes. Parental conflict in the absence of divorce was associated with less commitment and, in turn, less relationship satisfaction and stability in emerging adult children’s romantic relationships, whereas parental conflict was unrelated to outcomes for children whose parents divorced. Implications for theory and preventive interventions are discussed.     

Attitudes Toward Divorce: Embeddedness and Outcomes in Personal Relationships

Divorce attitudes, attitude embeddedness, parental marital status and conflict, and personal relationship outcomes were examined in a sample of 289 undergraduate students. Results indicated that highly embedded divorce attitudes were more predictive of evaluations of divorce issues and relationship scenarios than were less embedded attitudes. Consistent with findings that divorce attitudes influence personal relationships ( Amato & DeBoer, 2001 ), participants with embedded divorce attitudes reported greater conflict and influence of relationship partners. Recollections of high parental conflict were associated with greater relationship conflict; and individuals from high-conflict intact families reported greater relationship closeness, conflict, and embedded divorce attitudes. Consequences of parental divorce and conflict for offspring divorce attitudes are discussed, as well as future research on divorce attitudes and their strength.     

The differential effects of parental divorce and marital conflict on young adult romantic relationships

The differential effects of parental divorce and marital conflict on young adult children's romantic relationships were examined in this short‐term longitudinal study. Using a sample of 285 young adults, structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis that parental divorce and marital conflict were independently associated with young adult children's romantic relationships through different mechanisms: Parental divorce was associated with young adults' low level of relationship quality through a negative attitude toward marriage (positive attitude toward divorce) and lack of commitment to their own current relationships. However, marital conflict was associated with young adults' low level of relationship quality through their conflict behavior with their partner. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future research.     

Linking Parents' Work Stress to Children's and Adolescents' Psychological Adjustment

Recent research indicates that parental work stress has implications for the quality of family interaction and, in turn, children's and adolescents' adjustment. Studies in two distinct genres are reviewed: investigations relying on global reports of work demands, family dynamics, and child and adolescent adjustment and studies focusing on within-person comparisons of family interaction on days characterized by high and low work stress. The effects of parental work stress on children's and adolescents' adjustment appear to be indirect. Work stress is linked to parents' feelings of overload and strain, which in turn predict lower parent-child acceptance and higher conflict, processes that in turn are related to less positive adjustment of children and adolescents. In the face of high work stress, withdrawing from family involvement may be adaptive in the short run but ultimately problematic. The strength of these associations depends on parents' personality qualities, parents' coping styles, and work and family circumstances.     

同胞关系及其与儿童青少年社会性发展的关系

同胞关系是指兄弟姐妹之间分享与彼此有关的知识、观点、态度、信念和感受的所有互动,具有平等互惠性和补充性。同胞关系质量分为同胞温暖与冲突、界限黏结与解离、积极与消极同胞关系。亲缘选择和家庭系统理论从进化和环境视角解释同胞关系。同胞关系对于儿童青少年内外化问题行为和人际关系等具有重要影响。未来应关注特殊儿童青少年同胞关系的特点,深入探讨同胞关系对儿童青少年社会性发展的作用机制和干预措施,加强本土化研究。     

Parental Divorce and Children's Adjustment

ABSTRACT— This article reviews the research literature on links between parental divorce and children's short-term and long-term adjustment. First, I consider evidence regarding how divorce relates to children's externalizing behaviors, internalizing problems, academic achievement, and social relationships. Second, I examine timing of the divorce, demographic characteristics, children's adjustment prior to the divorce, and stigmatization as moderators of the links between divorce and children's adjustment. Third, I examine income, interparental conflict, parenting, and parents' well-being as mediators of relations between divorce and children's adjustment. Fourth, I note the caveats and limitations of the research literature. Finally, I consider notable policies related to grounds for divorce, child support, and child custody in light of how they might affect children's adjustment to their parents' divorce.     

Divorce Stress,Stepfamily Stress,and Depression among Emerging Adult Stepchildren

Several decades of research have shown that parental divorce can be a stressful experience for children and may lead to depression and other negative outcomes. Similarly, research has highlighted the stressors often induced by stepfamily formation and their effects on children. Although singular family transitions can exert influence, few studies explore how the combined stress from two family transitions may interact to influence long-term outcomes. Our study addresses this gap by using national data from 1142 respondents who experienced parental divorce and a subsequent transition to stepfamily life. Congruent with prior research, we find that retrospective reports of divorce and stepfamily stress is associated with higher depressive symptoms in emerging adults (18–30 years of age). We also find that stress induced by parental divorce and subsequent stepfamily formation significantly interact to increase depressive symptoms in this population. The research and clinical implications of our findings are discussed.     

父母元情绪理念与青少年问题行为:迷走神经的调节作用

探讨父母元情绪理念与青少年问题行为的关系以及青少年自身迷走神经功能对两者关系的影响。采用“心算任务范式”及问卷法, 对224名青少年及其父母进行测量与调查。结果发现:(1) 母亲情绪教导理念负向预测青少年内外化问题行为, 母亲情绪失控理念正向预测青少年内外化问题行为, 母亲情绪不干涉理念正向预测青少年外化问题行为; 父亲情绪教导理念负向预测青少年内化问题行为, 父亲情绪失控理念正向预测青少年外化问题行为。(2) 当青少年迷走张力较低时, 母亲情绪不干涉理念正向预测青少年外化问题行为; 当青少年迷走抑制较低时, 母亲情绪失控理念正向预测青少年内化、外化问题行为, 父亲情绪失控理念正向预测青少年外化问题行为。综上, 父母元情绪理念能够预测青少年问题行为, 且父母元情绪理念对青少年问题行为影响存在差异。同时, 迷走神经功能对父母元情绪理念与青少年问题行为的关系具有一定调节作用。     

Marriage, Parenting, and the Emergence of Early Self-Regulation in the Family System

The early years of toddlerhood mark the emergence of self-regulation and the child's ability to comply with parental requests. The current study examined young children's compliance and noncompliance in a family context by observing mothers, fathers, and two children in a family clean-up paradigm. Marital conflict and mutual responsiveness in the parent-child relationship were used as predictors of children's early self-regulation in an effort to explore risk and protective factors within the family. Several interactions between mother and father behavior as well as between marital conflict and parenting revealed how father-infant attachment moderates the effects of mother-infant attachment on children's compliance and how a close father-child relationship can protect children from the risks associated with high levels of marital conflict. Results indicate that future research on children's early self-regulation needs to be more systemic and move beyond the traditional mother-child dyadic context.