论身份伦理

身份伦理是基于对人之身份的伦理意蕴以及伦理与身份之紧密关联性的认知而建构起来的一种伦理价值体系,具有普遍性与特殊性相统一、必然性与偶然性相统一、客观性与主观性相统一的基本特征。身份伦理研究的主要问题包括身份伦理的概念构成问题、身份与伦理的关系问题、身份伦理的定义问题、伦理身份的确立问题和身份伦理在伦理中的地位问题。身份伦理价值维度主要体现在三个方面,即张扬人的伦理尊严,挺立人的伦理身份;强调伦理身份的完整性,维持人的道德人格整全性;彰显人的道德本性,揭示人与其他非人存在者的根本区别。     

人脸的类别与特定身份信息提取方式研究

人脸身份信息的提取方式一直是人脸研究中颇有争议的问题之一,以往的研究通过对名字和职业等语义信息的提取速度差异的比较,对此问题提出了两类观点,即人脸身份信息的加工是系列加工或平行加工.这两种观点一直争论不休,一些研究者提出了各种理论试图解释二者的争论.但是人脸身份信息中包括类别信息和特定信息,二者的加工可能是不同的路径,而以往的研究却混淆了这两种身份信息,使得系列还是平行的争议建立在不同的层面上.本研究通过操纵提取身份信息的不同任务以及线索类型.比较人脸和名字的作业差异,从而探讨两种类型身份信息的加工机制.本研究有助于进一步了解人脸身份信息提取的机制,丰富人脸身份信息提取的理论研究,同时对模式识别也具有重要的实践意义.     

论罗尔斯的公民观

在《政治自由主义》中,罗尔斯所提出的公民概念专注于公共理性所偏好的公共身份(政治 身份),却抹平了公共身份(政治身份)与非公共身份(道德身份)在个体心灵中可能存在的 冲突。尽管 桑德尔对罗尔斯的自我观念的批判存在一定程度的误读,但是他正确地指出了罗尔斯公民概 念的内在紧张。罗尔斯为调和这种紧张做出了一定修正,这种修正还可以通过引入一种内在 批评的方法来加以扩展。     

莫尔的宗教身份理论

本文是对著名宗教社会学家汉斯·莫尔的宗教身份理论进行的初步介绍和评析。莫尔的宗教身份理论涉及到宗教、身份、神圣化和辩证这样一些概念,他认为宗教能够增强系统的稳定性和整合性,并通过神圣化的方式,对个体、群体和社会的身份起到一种维持和保护的作用。他关注的是分化和整合、变化和稳定等这样一个辩证的视角。该理论固然也有其不完备之处,但不能不说是宗教社会学中的一个重大贡献。     

性别身份的内涵及测量

性别身份是个体对于自身性别文化含义的理解,是个体自我概念的重要组成部分。在经典个性途径的研究传统下,性别身份模型从传统的单维度结构发展成将男性化和女性化分别作为两个独立维度的双维度结构,并产生了一种新的性别身份类型——“双性化”。随着性别身份研究的不断深入,性别身份的测量方法也从基于主观报告的经典量表测量,逐渐发展出了主客观结合导向、客观导向以及情境导向等新型测量思路。     

我听故我在？自我声音识别机制的探索

自我声音是自我相关信息之一,同时也是个体识别身份时最重要的标志之一。声音具有骨传导和空气传导的传导方式和个体动机水平的差异都影响个体自我声音识别。在进行自我声音识别认知加工的过程中,会激活右半球额叶大部分脑区,并且在P3和N2成分上与在非我身份声音识别中同样存在显著差异。从声音刺激和个体动机两种角度来开展自我声音识别研究,并结合进化心理学与脑成像技术探索其神经机制,宜成为未来研究的一个方向。     

伦理学的对象问题审思

学界一直基于"伦理就是道德"的认识将伦理学的对象仅归于道德,致使伦理学学科体系一直存在一种结构性的缺陷。实际上,伦理与道德是两个有着内在逻辑关联的不同概念,关涉两个不同的社会精神领域,伦理属于社会关系范畴,道德属于社会意识范畴。道德的功能和价值在于维护伦理和谐,促使人们"心灵有序",维护和优化适应社会和人发展进步之客观要求的"思想的社会关系"。伦理学应以伦理与道德及其相互关系为对象,为此,需要在历史唯物主义的视野里丰富和发展伦理学的基本原理,这是当代道德哲学和伦理学研究与建设的一个重要学术话题。     

社会身份重要性和社会认同对群体参照效应的影响

研究选取四个参照条件（国家、民族、性别、职业）,探讨个体内部的社会身份重要性、以及个体对其不同社会身份的社会认同度对群体参照效应的影响。结果表明,在个体内部,社会身份重要性越重要,相应的群体参照效应也越大,而社会认同的高低对群体参照效应的大小没有显著影响。这表明在个体的自我内部,不同的社会身份是按照重要性来排列,越重要身份越靠近个体自我概念的核心,而且这种重要性也影响着集体自我相关信息的认知加工。     

身份多样性对个体心理和行为的影响及内在机制

个体具有多重社会身份。本研究聚焦于个体所拥有社会身份的数量特征，首先明确了身份多样性的概念内涵，系统梳理了身份多样性的前因以及对个体认知、情感、行为层面的影响，归纳了身份多样性发挥作用的内在机制并整合了其中的逻辑关系。最后，在总结了现有研究局限的基础上，分别从身份多样性的诱发因素和影响后果两个方面提出了未来研究展望，并拓展了现有身份多样性的研究视角，为后续理论研究和实践应用提供了参考和方向。     

身份认同动机：概念、测量与心理效应

身份认同动机（identity motive,简称身份动机）是引导个体进行身份建构、寻求特定的自我概念与自我评价的心理需要,主要包括自尊、效能、连续、意义、独特、归属六种动机。近十年的研究表明,不同的身份动机在身份的建构、维持、防御与改变等过程中协同发挥作用,而且动机的满足可以增强幸福感和心理适应。未来研究应进一步检验动机维度、考察发展规律、开发实验范式、探究神经机制。     

被信任者社会身份复杂性对其可信性的影响

被信任者社会身份是单一的还是多样的, 这种数量差异可以体现其社会身份的复杂性。本研究探讨了被信任者社会身份复杂性(单一身份、多重身份)如何影响人们对其可信性的评价。实验1考察了被信任者社会身份复杂性对其可信性的影响以及社会距离在其中的中介作用。实验2用于检验被信任者所属群体类型(内群体、外群体)是否调节他们的社会身份复杂性对其可信性的影响。研究结果表明：被信任者多重社会身份的凸显会提高人们对其可信性的评价, 社会距离在二者之间起着完全中介作用; 群体类型对社会身份复杂性的影响具有调节作用, 社会距离的中介作用在对外群体成员的可信性评价中更为明显。     

Constructing intergroup relationships in social communication

Abstract:  People communicate with each other about their ingroup and outgroup in a social context. These social communications may have profound effects in constructing intergroup relationships. In this paper, we outline how different combinations of the social identities of the sender, receiver, and target of the social communication may give rise to differing face concerns of the ingroup and outgroup, and may result in different patterns of communications about them. People may enhance or protect their ingroup social identity, and derogate the outgroup social identity to their ingroup audiences; however, they are more likely to enhance and protect their outgroup's social identity when communicating with outgroup audiences. Two studies tested these predictions. Study 1 used real groups of Australian and Asian students communicating about an Asian student in an Australian university context. In Study 2, participants assigned to two fictitious groups communicated about their ingroup and outgroup. In both studies, the findings were interpreted within the framework of intergroup communication, although there were some notable deviations from the predictions. Future directions of the research were also discussed.     

The Many Faces of SocialIdentity: Implications for Political Psychology

Social identity is a concept that has been invented and reinvented across the social and behavioral science disciplines to provide a critical link between the psychology of the individual and the structure and function of social groups. This paper reviews the various definitions of social identity as it is used in different theoretical frameworks, drawing distinctions among person-based identities, relational (role-based) identities, group-based identities, and collective identities. The implications of these different conceptualizations of social identity for political psychology are discussed, with a call for integrative theory that draws on all four definitions interactively.     

From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory

Interest in the concept of identity has grown exponentially within both the humanities and social sciences, but the discussion of identity has had less impact than might be expected on the quantitative study of political behavior in general and on political psychology more specifically. One of the approaches that holds the most promise for political psychologists is social identity theory, as reflected in the thinking of Henri Tajfel, John Turner, and colleagues. Although the theory addresses the kinds of problems of interest to political psychologists, it has had limited impact on political psychology because of social identity theorists' disinclination to examine the sources of social identity in a real world complicated by history and culture. In this review, four key issues are examined that hinder the successful application of social identity theory to political phenomena. These key issues are the existence of identity choice, the subjective meaning of identities, gradations in identity strength, and the considerable stability of many social and political identities.     

Religious and national group identification in adolescence: A study among three religious groups in Mauritius

Religious group identification is an important but understudied social identity. The present study investigates religious group identification among adolescents of different faiths (Hindu, Muslim, Christian) living in multicultural Mauritius. It further explores how religious and national group identities come together among religious majority and minority adolescents. For three age groups (11 to 19 years, N = 2152) we examined the strength of adolescents’ religious and national group identification, the associations between these two identities, and the relationships to global self‐esteem. Across age and religious group, participants reported stronger identification with their religious group than with the nation. Identification with both categories declined with age, with the exception of Muslims, whose strong religious identification was found across adolescence. The association between religious and national identification was positive, albeit stronger for the majority group of Hindus and for early adolescents. We examined the manner in which religious and national identities come together using a direct self‐identification measure and by combining the separate continuous measures of identification. Four distinct clusters of identification (predominant religious identifiers, dual identifiers, neutrals, and separate individuals) that were differently associated with global self‐esteem were found. Dual identifiers reported the highest level of global self‐esteem. The clusters of identification did not fully correspond to the findings for the direct self‐identification measure. The results are discussed in terms of the meaning of dual identity and the positive manner in which adolescents can manage their multiple identities while taking into account the ideological framework in which those identities are played out.     

Disability sport and activist identities: A qualitative study of narratives of activism among elite athletes’ with impairment

ObjectivesSport and exercise psychology has recently expanded into how it can be utilized to enable social missions like activism. No research, however, has examined activist identities among disabled, elite athletes. This article is the first to engage with this new and complex issue by examining narratives of activism amongst elite athletes with impairment and their adoption/rejection of various activist identities.MethodsThirty-six people were recruited using maximum variation and criterion-based purposive sampling strategies. Data was collected using interviews and fieldwork observations (e.g., observation and social media material). The large data set was rigorously analyzed using a narrative thematic analysis.ResultsAll participants adopted an athletic identity and an athletic activist identity. A small group also adopted a political activist identity that was concerned with challenging disablism. The athletes’ reasons for adopting or eschewing activist identities are identified and connections made to organizational stressors, interpellation, feeling, emotional regulation, narrative, habitus, health and wellbeing. Also revealed is the impact that sporting retirement had on activist identity construction.ConclusionsThe article makes a novel research contribution by revealing two different activist identities within the context of disability sport and what social functions each identity might serve. It also significantly develops knowledge by revealing various organizational stressors experienced by disabled athletes, the importance of embodied feelings and emotional regulation in activist identity construction, the damage that social oppression can have on wellbeing following sporting retirement, and the positive possibilities retiring may have for developing different identities. Practical suggestions are as well offered.     

Being German,Paraguayan and Germanino: Exploring the Relation Between Social and Personal Identity

Despite people’s claims, their national, ethnic and other identities are not ubiquitously relevant, they are rather situationally evoked and performed. Such is the case with the German, Paraguayan and Germanino identity in the municipality of Nueva Germania, in Paraguay. Recognising such contextual epistemic permissibility allows us to form a de-essentialised understanding of groups and individuals. One of the challenges that emerge from this approach, is to understand how a person can perform different identities, which differently define who they are, while remaining certain of being a continuous and persistent person. The objective of this article is to provide a theoretical grounding for theories of social identity in theories of personal identity. It allows us to analytically accommodate the situational and multiscalar character of identities, while recognising their existential importance for personal identity (for the Self).     

How Self-Perceptions of Identity Change in Person,Role, and Social Identities Relate to Depression

This study uses a cross-sectional research design to examine how individuals perceive recent experiences of identity change in various person, role, and social identities. Specifically addressed is how self-perceptions regarding the magnitude and direction of one’s experience of identity change relate to depression. A survey was administered to 854 study participants that measured perceived changes in 12 discrete identities (four person, four role, and four social identities) over a 6-month period. The results reveal that the more severe one perceives their experience of identity change to be, the greater their level of depression. However, generally, when one perceives that the direction of their identity change is progressive (rather than regressive), they are less likely to be depressed.     

身份凸显性：启动自我的开关

当意识到自己特定的身份时, 个人往往在这个身份的框架内来感知周围的世界。身份凸显性指特定身份在社会情境中启动的可能性。相关研究者分别从人格, 自我归类和社会建构的角度来认识身份凸显性, 它与自我概念整合存在紧密关系。身份凸显性的影响因素主要包括：身份承诺水平, 情绪, 群体规模和地位, 以及情境中相关线索的优势水平。另外, 阐述了几个抑制或干扰身份凸显性的策略：去类别化、再类别化和次类别化。未来研究需关注不同水平身份如何相互作用, 自我概念整合, 从社会构建的角度探索抑制或干扰身份凸显性的策略, 以及跨文化研究。