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1.
工作记忆训练成为近年来提升个体认知绩效的一种有效方式。工作记忆训练主要是指采用工作记忆广度任务、刷新任务以及各种复杂工作记忆任务在计算机上以循序渐进的方式进行训练。近年来的研究发现, 工作记忆训练能提升工作记忆、流体智力、抑制、注意、阅读和数学等认知功能。神经机制的研究发现:工作记忆训练引起大脑额-顶区域激活减弱, 而皮层下结构包括纹状体和尾状核区域的激活增强; 工作记忆训练减少了大脑灰质的数量, 增强了大脑白质的功能连通性; 工作记忆训练引起尾状核上多巴胺受体的变化。未来的研究需要在研究设计、被试人群、研究手段上进一步确认和扩展工作记忆训练的有效性和内在认知神经机制。 相似文献
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采用元分析技术探究18~50岁健康成年被试进行n-back任务训练的迁移效果及其影响因素。通过文献检索,共获得32篇文献和69个独立效应量,包含1820名被试。元分析结果发现,n-back任务训练在未经训练的n-back任务(最近迁移)上有中等程度大小的迁移效果(g=0.54);而在n-back任务以外的其他工作记忆任务(近迁移)和认知控制任务(远迁移)上的迁移效果较小(近迁移: g=0.20; 远迁移: g=0.20)。调节效应分析发现,训练次数会影响n-back任务训练的最近迁移效果。结果表明n-back任务训练的迁移效果有很大的任务特异性,即最近迁移效果最大,而近迁移效果和远迁移效果都较小;而且训练次数对最近迁移效果有影响。 相似文献
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该研究以认知负荷为调节,探讨了不同的情绪体验对工作记忆的影响情况。采用2(认知负荷:低负荷;高负荷)×3(情绪刺激图片:愉快、厌恶、中性)两因素混合实验设计,对57名被试进行了单独实验。结果发现:(1)在低认知负荷上,被试在不同情绪体验下的反应时差异不显著,但在高认知负荷任务上,与中性情绪体验相比,被试在愉快情绪体验下的反应时显著增长,而在厌恶情绪体验下的反应时显著变短;(2)在低认知负荷上,被试在不同情绪体验下的正确率差异不显著,但在高认知负荷任务上,与中性情绪体验相比,被试在愉快情绪体验下的正确率显著提高,而在厌恶情绪体验下的正确率显著降低。该结果表明,在低认知负荷上,情绪体验对工作记忆的刷新功能不产生影响;在高认知负荷上,情绪体验对工作记忆的刷新功能影响显著,其中愉快体验具有显著的促进作用。 相似文献
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近期有研究发现,在工作记忆训练中给予一定策略指导会产生训练的迁移,但也有研究发现,工作记忆训练中的策略指导仅产生有限的迁移。这可能与不同策略的使用有关,如果在工作记忆训练前就已经获得并熟悉有关策略,在工作记忆训练过程中使用该策略就成为一种自动化加工,未产生足够的认知负荷,任务对认知资源的需求降低,降低个体的注意力,未能真正提高个体的工作记忆能力,仅产生了有限的迁移。今后的研究应该关注策略的使用对工作记忆训练迁移效应的神经机制,在特殊群体中验证该问题并建立影响工作记忆训练迁移效应的综合模型。 相似文献
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根据流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI-Ⅱ-C)的得分情况招募健康被试20例,抑郁倾向被试40例,以自愿参加的分组方式将抑郁倾向被试分为工作记忆刷新训练组和对照组,每组20例。对训练组进行为期20天的工作记忆刷新训练,对照组不做处理。记录各组被试在前后测的刷新功能以及在情绪调节任务中量表的得分情况,并收集各组被试在5种实验条件下的心率变异性(HRV)的频域指标值,结果发现:前测时抑郁倾向个体的HF-HRV显著低于健康个体的平均水平。经过工作记忆训练,后测的抑郁倾向训练组在情绪调节任务中的HF-HRV水平有显著的提高,贴近健康对照组的水平,并与抑郁倾向对照组分离。研究表明,工作记忆刷新训练能够使抑郁倾向大学生的HRV活动更接近健康被试的HRV活动,表明抑郁倾向大学生的情绪调节能力得到了改善。 相似文献
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以往研究指出青少年阶段是情绪障碍的高发时期, 各种情绪问题深刻影响青少年的身心健康。通过文献分析得出青春期压力所采取的应对方式(即个体对压力事件做出反应的稳定方式)可能是决定青少年情绪障碍易感程度的核心因素; 而认知训练可降低该易感性, 从而提高青少年的心理健康水平。为了验证上述观点, 综合采用行为调查与生理测量, EEG/ERP与fMRI手段, 拟开展如下4个方面的研究工作:1)青春期发育阶段影响个体负性情绪易感性的大脑机制; 2)认知应对方式与青春期发育阶段的交互作用对负性情绪易感性的影响及大脑机制; 3)认知训练(包括注意训练、解释训练与接受训练)对健康青少年负面情绪易感性的调节作用及大脑可塑性机制; 4)认知训练对青少年抑郁/焦虑症患者情绪应对方式与临床症状的影响及大脑可塑性机制。通过上述系列研究, 揭示青少年更高情绪障碍易感性的认知神经机制, 找出并培养有利于青少年身心健康的情绪应对方法, 从而为情绪障碍的临床治疗奠定理论与实践基础。 相似文献
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本研究考察了流体智力基线水平对工作记忆训练迁移效果的影响。采用前后测设计,以视觉和听觉双任务n-back作为工作记忆训练任务,对训练组进行为期一个月的训练;积极对照组采用阅读任务进行训练。结果发现积极控制组的流体智力水平在基线与后测之间无显著变化;而训练组流体智力水平在后测时与基线相比有显著提高,且工作记忆训练提升量越大的个体其流体智力改善越大。说明认知训练有效迁移到了流体智力水平的改善上。我们还发现流体智力基线水平调节了工作记忆训练对流体智力水平的迁移,即工作记忆训练提升量越大,流体智力改善值越大,对于那些流体智力基线水平较高的人来说,工作记忆训练对流体智力改善的效果更大。流体智力基线水平、工作记忆训练提升量及两者的乘积共同影响了流体智力改善值。这一结果表明个体差异如流体智力基线水平可以调节工作记忆训练对流体智力水平的迁移。 相似文献
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个体的工作记忆能力通过训练可以提高,但是,目前对于工作记忆训练的迁移效应尚未有统一的结论。本文通过梳理相关研究,发现训练任务与评估迁移效应任务之间的结构相似性会对迁移效应产生影响。结构相似性即训练任务和未训练任务之间共享加工成分和加工程序,而这个共享加工成分和加工程序能通过发展相似的策略实现工作记忆训练的迁移。今后研究应该更加注意以往研究设计中的不足,针对不同群体的工作记忆训练效果的机制分别进行研究。 相似文献
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工作记忆训练可以改善药物成瘾者的认知能力,缓解其成瘾症状。其原因可能在于训练能够促进药物成瘾者大脑受损区域的自发性恢复,使与执行功能相关的额叶-基底神经网络产生功能性和结构性的改善。今后可以从不同类别药物成瘾造成的认知损伤是否普遍具有可逆性,药物成瘾者工作记忆训练效果是否存在性别差异以及工作记忆训练与其他技术结合是否具有优势等角度进行近一步研究。 相似文献
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N-back training has recently come under intense scientific scrutiny due to reports of training-related improvements in general fluid intelligence. As of yet, relatively little is known about the effects of short-term n-back training interventions, however. In a pretest-training-posttest design, we compared brief dual and single n-back training regimen in terms of training gains and transfer effects relative to a passive control group. Transfer effects indicated that, in the short-term, single n-back training may be the more effective training task: At the short training duration we employed, neither training group showed far transfer to specific task switch costs, Stroop inhibition costs or matrix reasoning indexing fluid intelligence. Yet, both types of training resulted in a reduction of general task switch costs indicating improved cognitive control during the sustained maintenance of competing task sets. Single but not dual n-back training additionally yielded near transfer to an untrained working memory updating task. 相似文献
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Tiina Salminen Peter Frensch Tilo Strobach Torsten Schubert 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2016,23(1):18-39
Age-related decline in executive functions can be decisive in performing everyday tasks autonomously. Working memory (WM) is closely related to executive functions, and training of WM has yielded evidence toward cognitive plasticity in older adults. The training effects often transfer to untrained tasks and functions. These effects have mostly been shown in processes such as WM and attention, whereas studies investigating transfer to executive functions have been scarce. We trained older adults aged 57–73 years in a WM training task that was reported to be effective in producing transfer in young adults. The training intervention consisted of a dual n-back task including independently processed auditory and visual n-back tasks. We investigated transfer to tasks engaging executive functions, and compared the effects in older adults to those reported in young adults. We found that both training groups improved in the training task. Although the training effect in older adults was smaller than the training effect in young adults, the older adults still showed a notable improvement so that after training they performed on the same level as young adults without training. The older adults also showed transfer to an untrained WM updating task, a result that was in accordance with the findings in young adults; other transfer effects in older adults were lacking. We conclude that although transfer effects were scarce, the present study provides encouraging evidence toward the possibilities to compensate for age-related decline in executive functions by a WM training intervention. 相似文献
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为探索注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童言语工作记忆缺陷的机制,研究采用了言语n-back任务比较了正常儿童与注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的工作记忆成绩。结果表明:在更新水平为0次时,ADHD儿童与正常儿童的成绩没有显著差异,但在更新水平为1次和2次时,ADHD儿童的记忆成绩均显著低于正常儿童,效应量指标(Cohen′d)分别达到了1.31和1.63;另外,在更新难度对记忆成绩的影响上,ADHD儿童表现出了更大的更新代价,效应量指标(Cohen′d)达到了1.54,处在很高的水平。结论认为ADHD儿童在记忆的基础性加工上并不存在明显缺陷,其更大的更新代价表明ADHD儿童在言语工作记忆的执行加工(更新操作)上的缺陷。 相似文献
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Takehide Kimura Keita Nagahata Eriko Shibata Nobuhiro Aoki 《Journal of motor behavior》2017,49(4):388-397
The authors investigated whether working memory training improves motor-motor dual-task performance consisted of upper and lower limb tasks. The upper limb task was a simple reaction task and the lower limb task was an isometric knee extension task. 45 participants (age = 21.8 ± 1.6 years) were classified into a working memory training group (WM-TRG), dual-task training group, or control group. The training duration was 2 weeks (15 min, 4 times/week). Our results indicated that working memory capacity increased significantly only in the WM-TRG. Dual-task performance improved in the WM-TRG and dual-task training group. Our study provides the novel insight that working memory training improves dual-task performance without specific training on the target motor task. 相似文献
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Mingming Zhang Ping Li Lu Yu Jie Ren Shuxin Jia Chaolun Wang Weiqi He Wenbo Luo 《PsyCh Journal》2023,12(2):178-184
In daily life, individuals need to recognize and update emotional information from others' changing body expressions. However, whether emotional bodies can enhance working memory (WM) remains unknown. In the present study, participants completed a modified n-back task, in which they were required to indicate whether a presented image of an emotional body matched that of an item displayed before each block (0-back) or two positions previously (2-back). Each block comprised only fear, happiness, or neutral. We found that in the 0-back trials, when compared with neutral body expressions, the participants took less time and showed comparable ceiling effects for accuracy in happy bodies followed by fearful bodies. When WM load increased to 2-back, both fearful and happy bodies significantly facilitated WM performance (i.e., faster reaction time and higher accuracy) relative to neutral conditions. In summary, the current findings reveal the enhancement effect of emotional body expressions on WM and highlight the importance of emotional action information in WM. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTWe describe four experiments each examining n-back performance for high and low verbalisable odorants. Participants were presented with a sequence of odorants and were required to state if the current odorant was the same or different to the odorant presented two items earlier. Experiment 1 reported superior performance for high, relative to low, verbalisable odorants and was evident despite above-chance memory performance for the low verbalisable odorants. Experiment 2 showed that such superiority persisted with a concurrent articulation condition, suggesting that the memory benefit was not a consequence of verbal recording and rehearsal. Experiment 3 employed metacognitive judgments and showed that correct 2-back responses for high verbalisable odorants received more recollection responses compared to low verbalisable odorants. Experiment 4 compared n-back performance across different stimulus types and showed that, for high verbalisable odorants, performance correlated with both letters and abstract shapes, but such correlations were absent for low verbalisable odorants. Taken together, these findings show differences in n-back performance between high and low verbalisable odorants, and show that high verbalisable odorants exhibit performance similarities with both verbal and visual stimuli. We further argue that n-back performance for low verbalisable odorants operates differently to that of high verbalisable odorants. 相似文献
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Sex-related differences have been reported for performance and neural substrates on some working memory measures that carry a high cognitive load, including the popular n-back neuroimaging paradigm. Despite some evidence of a sex effect on the task, the influence of sex on performance represents a potential confound in neuroimaging research. The present study investigated sex-related differences in verbal, spatial, and common object versions of the high cognitive load "n-back" working memory task. Eighteen male and 18 female undergraduates completed all 3 versions of the task. A mixed ANOVA, with Sex (male and female) as the between-subjects factor and Condition (verbal, spatial, and object) as the within-subjects repeated measure revealed that males were significantly more accurate than females on the spatial and object versions of the n-back task and performed equivalently to females on the verbal version of the task. Although the expected female advantage for verbal working memory was not found using this effortful n-back task, these results support a male advantage for high cognitive load spatial and object working memory. Future research should take into account the influence of sex on performance of the n-back task, and examine sex-related differences in working memory using other paradigms. 相似文献