服务型领导对员工工作结果的影响： 亲社会动机的中介效应和互动公平的调节效应

通过对201名员工及其领导的配对问卷调查,探讨服务型领导对员工工作结果的作用机制。研究发现：（1）服务型领导与下属的工作满意度、帮助行为正相关;（2）亲社会动机在服务型领导与工作满意度及帮助行为关系中起部分中介作用;（3）互动公平调节了服务型领导与亲社会动机之间的关系,即互动公平越高,服务型领导与亲社会动机之间的关系就越强;（4）互动公平调节了亲社会动机对服务型领导-帮助行为和工作满意度的中介作用。     

领导-部属交换对领导和部属工作结果的双向影响机制

首先回顾了领导-部属交换的定义及国内外相关实证研究。然后,从双向、社会交换、跨文化和交换网络视角,论述了中国企业的领导-部属交换对领导和部属工作结果的双向影响机制研究：（1）从领导和部属双向视角,研究领导-部属交换对领导和部属工作结果的影响作用;（2）从社会交换理论视角,探索领导-部属交换分别对领导和部属产生影响作用的内在过程和机制;（3）从跨文化和交换网络视角,考察中国企业的领导-部属交换对领导和部属产生影响作用的个体和组织条件。在综述相关文献的基础上提出了明确的研究假设。最后,指出了领导-部属交换对领导和部属工作结果的双向影响机制研究的未来趋势。     

环保服务型领导：效果与机制

随着“碳达峰”与“碳中和”纳入我国经济社会发展全局,绿色发展成为当代企业管理必经之路。环保服务型领导作为企业绿色发展的重要保障,近年引起学界关注。环保服务型领导指领导培养员工的环保价值观与环保知识技能,服务于员工环保活动。为探究环保服务型领导的影响效果及作用机制,本文建立了一个多层次模型：环保服务型领导促进员工环保行为与创新、团队环保绩效、组织环保绩效;资源保存理论、角色认同理论、社会学习理论、自我决定理论和计划行为理论是解释上述效应的主要理论机制。未来研究可从本土研究、双刃剑效应、认知—情感机制、研究层次与方法、行业对比分析以及影响因素等视角完善或拓展环保服务型领导研究。文章既为国内学者厘清环保服务型领导研究的效果与机制,又能指导企业如何通过领导实践促进绿色发展,助力国家“双碳”目标的执行与实现。     

服务型领导对下属服务绩效的影响:顾客导向和领导认同的作用

尽管服务型领导对下属服务绩效的正向影响已得到证实,但中介机制和边界条件仍不明朗。基于社会学习理论,研究者引入下属顾客导向和领导认同作为中介和调节变量,旨在考察二者关系的作用机理。以192名银行员工为研究对象,结果发现:服务型领导对下属服务绩效有正向影响,下属顾客导向在二者关系中有部分中介作用;下属对领导的认同在服务型领导与顾客导向之间有调节作用,对领导认同度高的下属来说,服务型领导对其顾客导向的正向影响较强,且通过顾客导向对其服务绩效的间接影响也较强。     

服务型领导对员工建言行为的影响:领导-成员交换和学习目标取向的作用

通过对191名员工及其领导的配对问卷调查,探讨了服务型领导对员工建言行为的作用机制。结果发现:(1)服务型领导对员工建言行为有积极影响;(2)服务型领导通过领导-成员交换的中介效应影响员工建言行为;(3)员工的学习目标取向对领导-成员交换与建言行为之间的关系具有调节效应,即员工的学习目标取向越强,领导-成员交换对建言行为的影响越大;(4)学习目标取向调节了领导-成员交换对服务型领导-建言行为的中介作用。     

累并快乐着：服务型领导的收益与代价——基于工作-家庭资源模型视角

服务型领导被以往大量研究证实能够对下属产生积极的影响效果。然而, 我们对服务型领导如何影响领导者自己还知之甚少。基于此, 文章根据工作-家庭资源模型, 探讨了服务型领导的收益与代价。采用经验抽样法, 对广州市76名企业单位中的主管进行为期5天的日记研究, 并运用多层线性模型进行数据分析。结果表明：主管每日从事服务型领导行为既可以产生更多的积极情绪, 从而改善工作-家庭关系, 又可能会引发资源损耗, 从而恶化了工作-家庭关系。主管感知的组织支持是服务型领导行为双刃剑效应的“门阀”, 当主管感知到高的组织支持时, 从事服务型领导行为会带来更多的积极情绪, 而当主管感知到低的组织支持时, 从事服务型领导行为可能更容易增加资源损耗。以上结果能拓宽我们对服务型领导影响效果的认识, 并为如何干预服务型领导行为提供一些新的启发。     

中国组织情境下公仆型领导有效性的追踪研究

公仆型领导以服务员工为导向, 在本质上超越了以往任何一种以组织利益为先的领导方式。然而, 国内该主题的研究还很不系统。本研究首先在中国组织情境下, 采用质化研究与量化研究相结合的方式, 探讨公仆型领导的结构维度, 建构公仆型领导的测量量表; 然后以团队及其成员为研究对象, 采用追踪研究设计, 收集“管理者-员工”配对数据, 运用结构方程模型、多元回归分析以及多层线性模型技术进行统计分析, 从而探讨公仆型领导的有效性。具体包括三个研究：(1)公仆型领导的结构与测量研究; (2)公仆型领导有效性的追踪研究—— 基于领导行为比较的视角(是否有效); (3)公仆型领导有效性的追踪研究—— 基于作用机制的视角(如何有效)。研究结果有助于澄清公仆型领导的内涵与维度结构, 识别和测量公仆型领导行为, 证实公仆型领导的有效性, 比较公仆型领导与家长式领导、变革型领导的影响效果, 揭开公仆型领导对个体绩效和团队绩效的作用机制。     

员工社会资本跨层次契合的动态演化过程及双向作用机制

员工社会资本向企业社会资本的转化是拓展员工价值、获取外部资源的有效途径, 为阐释这一多层次主体互动现象, 提出社会资本跨层次契合的构念, 运用跨层次追踪研究设计, 对其动态演化过程和双向作用机制进行剖析。首先, 探索员工社会资本跨层次契合的维度结构, 并基于此开发跨层次契合量表; 其次, 对社会资本跨层次契合进行过程解构, 探讨员工心理与行为、企业能力与情境在动态演化过程中的作用; 再次, 构建自上而下和自下而上的嵌入与涌现机制理论模型, 将影响员工社会资本跨层次契合的多层次因素整合到同一个理论框架, 并以纵向追踪数据进行实证检验, 厘清作用路径和作用边界。在此基础上, 运用追踪跨案例研究方法, 探讨社会资本跨层次契合的战略选择, 研究结论能为激发员工角色外行为, 有效利用社会资本的管理实践提供启示。     

服务型领导影响员工建言的双重机制研究

从自我提升和角色领会两个角度,聚焦服务型领导对员工建言的促进作用,提出了服务型领导影响员工建言的双重作用机制。通过分析260份来自苏州地区33家企业的配对样本,结果发现服务型领导能够正向预测员工建言行为;此外,与自我提升理论的预测一致,建言效能感中介了两者的正向关系;根据角色认同理论,建言角色认同中介了两者的正向关系;同时,建言效能感和建言角色认同的中介作用都受到感知到的领导权力的调节。     

下属建言的影响机制:跨层次的调节中介检验

采用57位团队主管和303位下属配对追踪数据,探讨了教练型领导对建言行为跨层次影响的中介机制和边界条件。研究结果表明:(1)教练型领导显著正向影响下属的建言行为;(2)心理资本在教练型领导与建言行为间起中介作用;(3)共事时间对教练型领导与下属心理资本的正向关系有着显著强化作用;(4)教练型领导与共事时间的交互作用通过心理资本的中介作用,进而影响下属的建言行为。     

Servant leadership and employee outcomes: the moderating role of subordinates’ motives

Drawing from implicit leadership theories we advance servant leadership theory by examining moderating mechanisms that explain under what conditions servant leader behaviours impact followers in organizations. Specifically, we focused on the moderating role of subordinates’ motivational orientations—prosocial values or impression management motives—in relationships between servant leadership behaviours and job satisfaction, as well as subordinate organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs). Using time-lagged data collected from 192 supervisor-subordinate dyads, we found that servant leadership was positively associated with employees’ job satisfaction, but not significantly related to their performance of OCBs. We also found evidence that subordinates’ motives moderate the relationships between servant leadership and outcomes. Specifically, employees high on impression management experienced lower levels of job satisfaction than their lower scoring counterparts. Our findings suggest that servant leadership may not be equally beneficial for all followers. We discuss implications for theory and practice.     

CEO Servant Leadership: Exploring Executive Characteristics and Firm Performance

This study offers an examination of the relationships between chief executive officer (CEO) servant leadership, the executive characteristics of narcissism, founder status, and organizational identification, and firm performance in a sample of 126 CEOs in technology organizations. Analysis of data gathered over multiple periods revealed a negative relationship between CEO narcissism and servant leadership, and a positive relationship between founder status (i.e., founder or nonfounder) and servant leadership. Furthermore, CEO organizational identification served as a partial mediating mechanism linking narcissism and founder status to servant leadership. In turn, CEO servant leadership predicted subsequent firm performance (measured as return on assets). The results of this study have implications for researchers interested in better understanding the predictors and consequences of servant leadership and for practitioners concerned with combating negative or selfish executive leadership behaviors and employing servant leadership for the organization's benefit.     

Examining the Effects of Servant Leadership on Life Satisfaction

This paper explored the effects of servant leadership on employees’ life satisfaction. In addition, it examined the mediating role of work engagement and organizational based self-esteem (OBSE) in this relationship. Data for this cross sectional survey study were collected from 160 Pakistani employees who were working on a full-time basis in a large tractor manufacturing company. The SPSS macro developed by Preacher and Hayes (2008) was used to test the research hypotheses. Results showed that servant leadership was positively related to both work engagement and OBSE, which, in turn, were both positively related to life satisfaction. Furthermore, it was found that work engagement and OBSE fully mediated the effects of servant leadership on life satisfaction. Limitations of the results and implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.     

Linking servant leadership to positive deviant behavior: The mediating role of self-determination theory

How can servant leadership focused primarily on developing employees help them to become more ethical and prosocial, and to achieve positive results reaching beyond mere compliance with their tasks? More specifically, we propose that servant leadership may influence employees to engage in positive deviant behavior (PDB), meaning non-conforming behavior that is positive and ethical. Using self-determination theory (SDT), our research examines the effect of perceived servant leadership on the adoption of PDB by employees, mediated by basic psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. To this end, we conducted a quantitative study of 344 French employees’ answers to an online survey. Structural equation modeling results indicated that the relationship between perceived servant leadership and innovative PDB is strongly predicted by SDT. Intrinsic motivation mediates the relationship between perceived servant leadership, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and innovative PDB. Several limitations and implications will be discussed.     

Hope and self-determination of young adults in the workplace

This longitudinal field study tested positive reciprocal longitudinal interactions between components of hope theory and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in the work environment during 3 years of vocational training. The three annual questionnaire surveys of 414 trainees in young adulthood were analyzed with latent autoregressive cross-lagged models. The tested longitudinal models provided support for a positive reciprocal feedback process between hope and the satisfaction of the need for competency. The 1 year lagged effects between hope and the needs for autonomy and relatedness were not statistically significant, but synchronous relations did exist. The study suggested that perceived vocational competencies lead to increases in hope, while the trainees’ hope in turn also had positive effects on the development of perceived vocational competencies.     

Serving first for the benefit of others: preliminary evidence for a hierarchical conceptualization of servant leadership

In this paper, we examine servant leadership as a promising leadership style for today's dynamic sales environments. Conceptual and empirical literature points to servant leadership's strong potential in facilitating benefits to salespeople and the organization. Yet that same literature evidences a problematic lack of consensus regarding components that distinctly reflect servant leadership. Existing conceptualizations include dimensions like humility and providing direction, which clearly overlap with various other leadership styles. In this paper, we first consider unique distinctives of servant leadership. We then propose an extension of the augmentation hypothesis from the transactional and transformational leadership literature. Specifically, we posit that servant leadership distinctives are hierarchically built on transformational characteristics, which themselves are built on transactional characteristics. Using secondary data from a sample of professional salespeople, we apply Guttman scaling and show this hierarchical conceptualization to be empirically tenable. We demonstrate that sales leadership at higher levels on the hierarchy produces incremental gains in salesperson satisfaction, salesperson performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, and corporate social responsibility. We confirm our findings in a validation sample and demonstrate an additional relationship with customer-directed extra-role behaviors. Our results imply that sales organizations can reap enhanced multi-faceted benefits through higher levels of servant leadership.