创伤后应激障碍对震后青少年自杀意念的影响：安全感的调节作用

为探讨创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）及其各个症状簇对震后青少年自杀意念的影响,并检验安全感在其中的调节作用,研究采用创伤暴露程度问卷、流调中心抑郁量表儿童版、DSM-5的PTSD症状核查表、安全感量表和儿童行为问题核查表对汶川地震8.5年后的1136名中学生进行调查。结果发现：PTSD、负性认知和情绪改变症状、警觉性增高症状分别正向预测自杀意念,侵入性症状和回避性症状对自杀意念的预测作用不显著;安全感在侵入性症状、负性认知和情绪改变症状、警觉性增高症状、PTSD与自杀意念之间起负向调节作用,在回避性症状与自杀意念之间不起调节作用。这表明PTSD各症状簇对震后青少年自杀意念的预测作用不同,且安全感在其中发挥的调节作用也不同。     

创伤后应激障碍对震后青少年反社会行为的影响：复原力的调节作用

为探讨创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)对震后青少年反社会行为的影响,并检验复原力在其中的调节作用,采用创伤暴露程度问卷、DSM-5的PTSD症状核查表、复原力量表和儿童行为问题核查表,对九寨沟地震10个月后的621名中学生进行调查。结果发现,PTSD症状总分及侵入性症状、负性认知和情绪改变症状、警觉性增高症状可以显著正向预测震后青少年的反社会行为;复原力在PTSD总分及其侵入性症状、警觉性增高症状对震后青少年反社会行为的影响中发挥显著的负向调节作用。     

小学生创伤后应激障碍对睡眠问题的影响:积极认知的调节作用

本研究采用创伤暴露程度问卷、儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表、应对方式问卷和儿童行为问题核查表对汶川地震30个月后844名小学生进行调查,探讨汶川地震后小学生的创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、积极认知与睡眠问题之间的关系。结果表明,PTSD对睡眠问题具有正向预测作用,积极认知对睡眠问题的预测作用不显著。调节效应的检验结果发现,积极认知调节着PTSD及其回避性症状对睡眠问题的影响,具体表现为PTSD及其回避性症状对睡眠问题的预测作用随着积极认知水平的增加而降低,但是积极认知分别在PTSD的闯入性症状和警觉性增高症状与睡眠问题的关系之间不起调节作用。     

创伤后应激障碍患者情绪记忆优势研究述评

创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是由高情绪刺激引起延迟出现和长期持续的精神障碍。闯入、闪回、病理性重复体验、持续性警觉性增高和回避等症状严重损害其认知功能。PTSD患者记忆形成了情绪网络。情绪记忆具有强烈、持久的特点, 在记忆中具有优势地位。回顾PTSD患者情绪记忆优势的行为及脑成像研究发现, PTSD患者情绪记忆优势研究结果并不完全一致, 受到诸多因素的影响, 这些影响因素需进一步探讨。     

术后乳腺癌患者体象对创伤后应激障碍和创伤后成长的影响：反刍的中介作用

为探讨乳腺癌患者反刍这一认知情绪调节方式在体象和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、创伤后成长（PTG）之间的中介作用,采用体象量表（BIS）、认知情绪调节问卷中文版（CERQ-C）、创伤后应激障碍量表（PSS）和创伤后成长问卷（PTGI）对150名乳腺癌术后患者进行研究。结果发现：（1）乳腺癌患者的体象可以正向预测PTSD和PTG;（2）乳腺癌患者的反刍在体象和PTSD的闯入性症状、回避性症状中起中介作用,在体象与PTG中的中介作用不显著。结果表明,体象既可以正向预测乳腺癌患者的PTSD和PTG,也可以通过反刍的中介作用影响PTSD。     

青少年的情绪调节策略对创伤后应激障碍和创伤后成长的影响:社会支持的调节作用

为了考察雅安地震后青少年的情绪调节策略、社会支持与创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)和创伤后成长(PTG)之间的关系,采用创伤暴露程度问卷、情绪调节策略问卷、社会支持问卷、儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表和创伤后成长问卷对雅安市芦山县的315名中学生进行调查,结果发现:创伤暴露程度对认知重评和表达抑制的预测作用不显著,对PTSD和PTG具有显著的正向预测作用。青少年的认知重评策略可以显著地负向预测PTSD、正向预测PTG,表达抑制策略仅对PTSD有显著的正向预测作用、对PTG的预测作用不显著;社会支持可以显著地调节表达抑制策略对PTSD和PTG的作用,表现为表达抑制对PTSD的正向预测作用随着社会支持的增加而降低,并可随着社会支持的增加而对PTG发挥促进作用。     

中学生感恩与主观幸福感的关系:抗挫折能力与社会支持的中介作用

采用感恩问卷、正性情感负性情感量表、生活满意度问卷、抗挫折能力问卷和社会支持评定量表对865名中学生进行调查, 以考察中学生感恩和主观幸福感的关系, 以及社会支持与抗挫折能力在两者之间的中介作用。结果:(1)中学生正性情绪显著高于负性情绪;(2)中学生感恩与主观幸福感、社会支持、抗挫折能力相关显著;(3)结构方程分析结果显示, 中学生感恩直接负向预测负性情绪;社会支持和抗挫折能力在感恩与生活满意度、正性情绪间起到完全中介作用, 抗挫折能力在感恩和负性情绪间起部分中介作用。 结论:感恩能通过作用于社会支持和抗挫折能力来影响主观幸福感。     

创伤暴露程度、主观害怕程度对儿童创伤后应激障碍影响的追踪研究:社会支持的调节作用

为了考察创伤暴露程度、主观害怕程度、社会支持与创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）之间的纵向关系,本研究采用创伤暴露程度问卷、主观害怕程度问卷、社会支持问卷与儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表对雅安地震半年后的303名小学生进行测查,并于震后一年半时进行再次测查。逐步回归分析的结果发现,创伤暴露程度对地震半年后的PTSD具有显著的正向预测作用,对震后一年半的PTSD没有显著的预测作用;无论是震后半年还是一年半,主观害怕都可以加剧PTSD、社会支持都可以缓解PTSD;社会支持在创伤暴露程度与PTSD之间不起显著的调节作用,但却可以显著地调节主观害怕程度对震后一年半的PTSD的影响,表现为主观害怕程度对震后一年半的PTSD的正向预测作用随着社会支持水平的增加而降低。     

小学生创伤后应激障碍对攻击行为的影响：应对方式的调节作用

采用儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表、儿童行为问题核查表和应对方式问卷,考察汶川地震极重灾区980名小学生的创伤后应激障碍、应对方式与攻击行为的关系。结果表明：地震后1年半,灾区小学生攻击行为水平较低,但男生的攻击行为明显高于女生;积极认知在回避性症状对攻击行为的预测中起显著的负向调节作用;负向发泄分别在回避性症状和警觉增高症状对攻击行为的预测中起显著的正向调节作用。     

认知重评的创造性对负性情绪调节的影响

以轻度负性图片为实验材料,采用自发性和指导性的认知重评策略,结合情绪的主观评定和生理指标,考察认知重评的创造性对负性情绪调节的影响,以及特质焦虑是否在其中起调节作用。结果发现：(1)自评和他评的认知重评创造性与情绪调节有效性呈显著正相关;(2)相比低创造性的认知重评,高创造性的认知重评对负性情绪的调节效果更好,并伴随着适应性的生理反应,皮电和心率显著下降;(3)相比低特质焦虑个体,高特质焦虑个体更容易体验到高负性情绪,但经过认知重评后两者的情绪调节效果无显著差异。结果表明,创造性认知重评促进负性情绪调节,特质焦虑在创造性认知重评与负性情绪调节之间不起调节作用。结果支持认知重评的创造性重构理论。     

创伤暴露程度对青少年物质滥用的影响：创伤后应激障碍与依恋的中介作用

为了考察汶川地震后青少年的创伤暴露程度、创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、父母依恋和同伴依恋与物质滥用之间的关系,采用创伤暴露程度问卷、儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表、父母与同伴依恋问卷和物质滥用问卷对汶川县和茂县的1435名中学生进行调查,选取有物质滥用的青少年354名作为本研究的对象。结果发现：创伤暴露程度可以直接正向预测作用物质滥用。不过,在创伤暴露与物质滥用直接关系之间加入PTSD、父母和同伴依恋之后,创伤暴露程度对物质滥用的直接预测作用不再显著,并且创伤暴露程度不能通过同伴依恋预测物质滥用,也不能通过PTSD经同伴依恋对物质滥用发挥多重中介作用;但创伤暴露程度能通过PTSD正向预测物质滥用,可以通过父母依恋负向预测物质滥用,并且创伤暴露程度还可以通过PTSD经过父母依恋对物质滥用发挥正向的多重中介作用。     

Anxiety buffer disruption theory: a terror management account of posttraumatic stress disorder

We present anxiety buffer disruption theory (ABDT) and provide a review of current evidence regarding the theory. ABDT is an application of terror management theory to explain diverse reactions to traumatic events and the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It posits that PTSD results from a disruption in one's anxiety-buffering mechanisms, which normally provide protection against anxiety in general and death anxiety in particular. The disruption of these mechanisms leaves the individual defenseless in the face of overwhelming anxiety, which leads to the major symptom clusters of PTSD: re-experiencing, hyper-arousal, and avoidance. According to ABDT, because of the disruption in their anxiety-buffering mechanisms, individuals with PTSD symptoms do not respond to mortality reminders in the defensive ways that psychologically healthier individuals do. We review four sets of studies conducted in four different cultures and with people who have experienced different types of trauma, which reveal this atypical response pattern and lend support to ABDT.     

社会支持对震后青少年创伤后应激障碍和创伤后成长的影响:自我效能感的中介作用

本研究采用创伤暴露问卷、社会支持问卷、自我效能感量表、创伤后应激障碍症状核查表和创伤后成长问卷,在汶川地震8.5年后对地震极重灾区的1185名中学生进行调查,考察社会支持对创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和创伤后成长（PTG）的影响,并检验自我效能感在其中的中介作用。结果发现：在控制创伤暴露程度、性别和年龄等变量后,社会支持不仅可以直接负向预测PTSD、正向预测PTG,也可以通过自我效能感的中介作用负向预测PTSD、正向预测PTG。这表明,自我效能感在社会支持与PTSD、社会支持与PTG的关系中都具有部分中介效应。     

STRUCTURAL MODELS OF THE RELATIONS OF ASSAULT SEVERITY, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AVOIDANCE COPING, SELF-BLAME, AND PTSD AMONG SEXUAL ASSAULT SURVIVORS

A number of studies have identified which survivors of sexual assault are more likely to develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most correlates that have been identified have been at the individual level. Insufficient attention has been given to whether survivors' social interactions impact their individual responses to assault and subsequent levels of psychological symptomatology. In this study, a large, diverse sample of community-residing women ( N = 636) was surveyed. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between assault severity, global support, negative social reactions, avoidance coping, self-blame, traumatic life experiences, and PTSD symptoms. The results suggest that negative social reactions and avoidance coping are the strongest correlates of PTSD symptoms and that the association typically observed between victim self-blame and PTSD symptoms may be partially due to the effect of negative social reactions from others. These reactions may contribute to both self-blame and PTSD. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.     

Anhedonia and emotional numbing in combat veterans with PTSD

We explored relationships between anhedonia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters, including their role in predicting psychiatric comorbidity. Our measure of anhedonia was derived from an examination of the latent structure of the Beck Depression Inventory. We found evidence for a two-factor solution, leading to anhedonia and undifferentiated, global depressive symptoms scales. In primary analyses, anhedonia had a unique positive relationship with PTSD's emotional numbing symptoms and minimal relationships with other PTSD symptoms. Upon examining the incremental validity of appetitive functioning (i.e., anhedonia, emotional numbing) over and above aversive functioning (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyper-arousal PTSD symptoms) variables, greater emotional numbing increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with a major depressive disorder, and greater anhedonia increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with additional anxiety disorders and to a lesser extent, psychotic disorders. Results were consistent with research on the distinction of appetitive and aversive functioning, providing insight into the nature of PTSD.     

蓄意创伤受害者的创伤后应激障碍症状及影响因素分析

目的:研究蓄意创伤受害者的PTSD症状及影响因素。方法:采用事件冲击问卷、创伤经历揭露问卷、受害人认可问卷和攻击描述问卷等测查工具对163名蓄意创伤受害者进行调查。结果:(1)蓄意创伤受害者的PTSD三大症状之间相关显著,且方差分析结果差异显著,闯入性症状>回避症状>高警觉症状;(2)创伤严重程度与PTSD三大症状的相关显著;(3)创伤揭露中情绪反应对PTSD三大症状都有显著的预测作用;(4)社会认可度中的一般性排斥对PTSD三大症状都有显著的预测作用。结论:蓄意创伤受害者有着较强的PTSD症状,且以闯入性症状最为严重,回避和高警觉症状次之;创伤的严重程度、揭露时的情绪反应和社会认可度中的一般性排斥等都对蓄意创伤受害者的PTSD症状有影响作用。     

Understanding the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and trauma cognitions: The impact of thought control strategies

Several models of PTSD suggest that dysfunctional beliefs play an important role in the maintenance of PTSD. This study examined whether thought control strategies intermediated in the relationship between PTSD and dysfunctional cognitions. It was hypothesized that PTSD would be positively associated with dysfunctional cognitions and that negative thought control strategies (worry and self-punishment) would partially account for this relationship. These maladaptive strategies were predicted to be associated with increased levels of PTSD and more trauma-related beliefs. Additionally, it was predicted that positive thought control strategies (social control and reappraisal) would be associated with decreased levels of PTSD and fewer trauma-related beliefs. Finally, because the literature supports distraction as both an adaptive and a maladaptive thought control strategy, no a priori hypothesis was made. Results support worry and self-punishment as maladaptive intervening variables in the association between PTSD and dysfunctional cognitions, resulting in greater levels of PTSD and trauma cognitions. Social control and distraction emerged as adaptive strategies, resulting in lower levels of PTSD and trauma cognitions, while reappraisal showed no relationship with PTSD severity. Although the results are cross-sectional, continued focus on the effects of thought control strategies as meditational maintenance variables over time appears warranted.     

Post-Traumatic Stress and World Assumptions: The Effects of Religious Coping

Religiosity has been shown to moderate the negative effects of traumatic event experiences. The current study was deigned to examine the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) following traumatic event exposure; world assumptions defined as basic cognitive schemas regarding the world; and self and religious coping conceptualized as drawing on religious beliefs and practices for understanding and dealing with life stressors. This study examined 777 Israeli undergraduate students who completed several questionnaires which sampled individual world assumptions and religious coping in addition to measuring PTS, as manifested by the PTSD check list. Results indicate that positive religious coping was significantly associated with more positive world assumptions, while negative religious coping was significantly associated with more negative world assumptions. Additionally, negative world assumptions were significantly associated with more avoidance symptoms, while reporting higher rates of traumatic event exposure was significantly associated with more hyper-arousal. These findings suggest that religious-related cognitive schemas directly affect world assumptions by creating protective shields that may prevent the negative effects of confronting an extreme negative experience.