词切分的韵律学线索

本文是关于汉语普通话词切分的一个实验报告。用无意文重复句和合成句作语音材料,探讨音节时长分布、基频曲线、音节强度以及共振峰等韵律学线索在词切分中的作用。得到的主要结果是,在排除语义和音段层面信息的条件下,听者能够根据句子的韵律学特征进行句子结构的判断和词的切分;在对切分有效的韵律学线索中,最重要的是音节的时长分布模式,其次是基频曲线,音节的强度和共振峰变化对切分没有贡献。     

语法和语义线索对儿童动词习得的影响

口语词汇习得过程中存在语法促进和语义促进效应,而语法又包含了句法和词法。本研究采用优先指向范式考察了语法和语义线索对汉语儿童动词习得的影响。实验1发现, 5岁儿童可以利用单个句法线索词习得动词。实验2发现,4岁儿童可以在增加句法线索词或语义线索词条件下习得动词;实验2a发现,4岁儿童更倾向于将单音节词判定为动词,实验2b发现,在增加语义线索词条件下, 3岁儿童更倾向于将双音节词判定为名词。结果表明,5岁儿童可以利用单个句法线索词习得动词,4岁儿童可以通过多重线索习得动词。本研究拓展了以往关于汉语儿童动词习得的结果,提示语言习得研究应考虑语法线索的独特性和可靠性。     

词边界信息在句中的分布

用经过删除的语音歧义句作材料,研究了词边界信息在句中的分布。结果说明,在歧义句中歧义音节是最重要的切分线索;向歧义音节的前后过渡也对词切分有贡献;歧义音节和过渡以外的部分在一定条件下对切分有帮助。     

汉语阅读中的心理词加工

通过两项研究考察了汉语阅读中心理词存在的心理现实性及其加工效率问题。研究1采用词切分任务考察语法知识掌握水平不同的读者词切分的差异,发现他们在词切分上存在很大分歧,语法知识越丰富,词切分差异越小。研究2探讨心理词的加工效率,使用阴影标记目标词,产生四种呈现条件：正常条件、词汇词条件、心理词条件和非词条件,结果发现心理词比词汇词、非词更容易加工。两项研究结果表明汉语阅读的基本信息单元更可能是心理词。     

影响代词加工的语义和语法因素研究

句子的语义、代词与其先行词的语法功能一致性、先行词是否是句子的主语等因素对代词加工有何影响。结果表明,语义是影响代词加工的主要因素。被试基本上根据语义信息确定代词的所指。代词和先行词的语法功能相同只在某些特定条件下加速代词的加工。代词加工中的相同功能原则在研究结果中得到部分支持。先行词是否是句子的主语或指首先提及的对象也在一定程度上影响先行词的确定和确定的速度。     

汉语朗读中词素位置概率线索作用的发展研究

采用眼动追踪技术,通过操纵双字词首字和尾字的词素位置概率,考察汉语朗读中词素位置概率线索对大学生和小学生词切分的作用。结果发现,大学生和小学生能够在阅读中使用词素位置概率作为词切分线索,且词素位置概率效应大小呈现出发展上的差异;在首字条件下小学生表现出更大的词素位置概率效应。结果表明,双字词首、尾字的位置概率信息是朗读中的重要语言词切分线索;小学生对该线索的依赖程度显著高于大学生读者。     

汉语双字合成词口语产生的词素信息编码

用图–词干扰范式探讨了汉语双字合成词口语产生中构成词素的正字法、语音、语义信息激活的特点,共三个实验。结果表明汉语双字合成词的口语产生中,词素的语音、正字法信息可以促进词汇的口语产生,而词素语义信息的作用不显著,说明合成词口语产生的编码单元为"音节+音调",词素的正字法也在编码中起到一定作用。这些信息激活不受词素位置的影响,首、次词素在双字合成词口语产生中地位相当。词素正字法先于语音信息激活,在SOA为?200ms就有出现;语音信息则稍晚,在SOA为100ms时才出现激活。     

情绪韵律调节情绪词识别的ERP研究

采用韵律/词汇干扰范式和延迟匹配任务, 通过两个ERP实验, 考察了汉语口语中情绪韵律能否、以及如何调节情绪词的识别。实验一中, 不同类型的情绪韵律分组呈现, ERP结果显示, 同与情绪韵律效价一致的情绪词相比, 与情绪韵律效价不一致的情绪词诱发了走向更负的P200、N300和N400成分; 实验二中, 不同类型的情绪韵律随机呈现, 上述效价一致性效应依然存在。实验结果表明, 情绪韵律能够调节情绪词识别, 主要表现在对情绪词的音韵编码和语义加工的双重易化上。     

中文词切分的依据及眼动控制模型的解释

回顾字母文字研究发现,词间空格是有效的词切分线索。而中文没有词间空格,那么是什么线索起着字母文字中空格一样的作用呢？总结以往研究发现,汉字的统计属性、词汇可能性、词素位置、词素熟悉性等因素可能是中文阅读中的词切分线索。字母文字词切分依据物理线索,中文词切分可能依据“心理线索”。词切分过程也与个体差异和预视效应有关。未来研究应该解决中文词切分的核心线索以及线索替代的可能性,并构建中文眼动控制模型来解释中文阅读过程及词切分问题。     

视觉与听觉情绪信息关系判断中的交互作用

通过要求被试判断同时呈现的视听信息情绪效价的关系,考察视听情绪信息整合加工特点。实验一中词汇效价与韵律效价不冲突,实验二中词汇效价与韵律效价冲突。两个实验一致发现当面孔表情为积极时,被试对视听通道情绪信息关系判断更准确;实验二还发现,当面孔表情为消极时,相对于韵律线索,被试根据语义线索对视听信息关系判断更迅速。上述结果说明视听信息在同时呈现时,视觉信息可能先行加工,并影响到随后有关视听关系的加工。     

The neural underpinnings of prosody in autism

This study examines the processing of prosodic cues to linguistic structure and to affect, drawing on fMRI and behavioral data from 16 high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 11 typically developing controls. Stimuli were carefully matched on pitch, intensity, and duration, while varying systematically in conditions of affective prosody (angry versus neutral speech) and grammatical prosody (questions versus statement). To avoid conscious attention to prosody, which normalizes responses in young people with ASD, the implicit comprehension task directed attention to semantic aspects of the stimuli. Results showed that when perceiving prosodic cues, both affective and grammatical, activation of neural regions was more generalized in ASD than in typical development, and areas recruited reflect heightened reliance on cognitive control, reading of intentions, attentional management, and visualization. This broader recruitment of executive and “mind-reading” brain areas for a relative simple language-processing task may be interpreted to suggest that speakers with high-functioning autism (HFA) have developed less automaticity in language processing and may also suggest that “mind-reading” or theory of mind deficits are intricately bound up in language processing. Data provide support for both a right-lateralized as well as a bilateral model of prosodic processing in typical individuals, depending upon the function of the prosodic information.     

The neural underpinnings of prosody in autism

This study examines the processing of prosodic cues to linguistic structure and to affect, drawing on fMRI and behavioral data from 16 high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 11 typically developing controls. Stimuli were carefully matched on pitch, intensity, and duration, while varying systematically in conditions of affective prosody (angry versus neutral speech) and grammatical prosody (questions versus statement). To avoid conscious attention to prosody, which normalizes responses in young people with ASD, the implicit comprehension task directed attention to semantic aspects of the stimuli. Results showed that when perceiving prosodic cues, both affective and grammatical, activation of neural regions was more generalized in ASD than in typical development, and areas recruited reflect heightened reliance on cognitive control, reading of intentions, attentional management, and visualization. This broader recruitment of executive and "mind-reading" brain areas for a relative simple language-processing task may be interpreted to suggest that speakers with high-functioning autism (HFA) have developed less automaticity in language processing and may also suggest that "mind-reading" or theory of mind deficits are intricately bound up in language processing. Data provide support for both a right-lateralized as well as a bilateral model of prosodic processing in typical individuals, depending upon the function of the prosodic information.     

Word segmentation with universal prosodic cues

When listening to speech from one’s native language, words seem to be well separated from one another, like beads on a string. When listening to a foreign language, in contrast, words seem almost impossible to extract, as if there was only one bead on the same string. This contrast reveals that there are language-specific cues to segmentation. The puzzle, however, is that infants must be endowed with a language-independent mechanism for segmentation, as they ultimately solve the segmentation problem for any native language. Here, we approach the acquisition problem by asking whether there are language-independent cues to segmentation that might be available to even adult learners who have already acquired a native language. We show that adult learners recognize words in connected speech when only prosodic cues to word-boundaries are given from languages unfamiliar to the participants. In both artificial and natural speech, adult English speakers, with no prior exposure to the test languages, readily recognized words in natural languages with critically different prosodic patterns, including French, Turkish and Hungarian. We suggest that, even though languages differ in their sound structures, they carry universal prosodic characteristics. Further, these language-invariant prosodic cues provide a universally accessible mechanism for finding words in connected speech. These cues may enable infants to start acquiring words in any language even before they are fine-tuned to the sound structure of their native language.     

At 11 months,prosody still outranks statistics

English‐learning 7.5‐month‐olds are heavily biased to perceive stressed syllables as word onsets. By 11 months, however, infants begin segmenting non‐initially stressed words from speech. Using the same artificial language methodology as Johnson and Jusczyk (2001 ), we explored the possibility that the emergence of this ability is linked to a decreased reliance on prosodic cues to word boundaries accompanied by an increased reliance on syllable distribution cues. In a baseline study, where only statistical cues to word boundaries were present, infants exhibited a familiarity preference for statistical words. When conflicting stress cues were added to the speech stream, infants exhibited a familiarity preference for stress as opposed to statistical words. This was interpreted as evidence that 11‐month‐olds weight stress cues to word boundaries more heavily than statistical cues. Experiment 2 further investigated these results with a language containing convergent cues to word boundaries. The results of Experiment 2 were not conclusive. A third experiment using new stimuli and a different experimental design supported the conclusion that 11‐month‐olds rely more heavily on prosodic than statistical cues to word boundaries. We conclude that the emergence of the ability to segment non‐initially stressed words from speech is not likely to be tied to an increased reliance on syllable distribution cues relative to stress cues, but instead may emerge due to an increased reliance on and integration of a broad array of segmentation cues.     

Selective impairment of grammatical morphology due to induced stress in normal listeners: implications for aphasia

The traditional clinical picture for English nonfluent aphasics has generally presented the deficit as one of total loss of control over grammatical morphology, with some sparing of word order. This is at odds with recent research involving nonfluent aphasic speakers of highly inflected languages, which has shown that agrammatic performance is characterized by morphological substitution rather than omission errors. If the deficit associated with focal brain damage cannot be adequately accounted for in syndrome-specific ways, we may need to look for language-specific processing explanations. One such explanation has to do with language-specific response to global processing difficulty. The current experiment is designed to study the effects of a stress-related limitation on morphological processing. Normal speakers of a language with a relatively rich morphological system (German) are compared with those of a comparatively impoverished system (English) on different forms of a sentence comprehension task. In one form, "clean" stimuli permit full reliance on all available cues to meaning in each language. In another test, a low-level noise mask partially obscured the stimulus sentences. English speakers, who rely almost exclusively on word order cues, were not affected by the noise manipulation. German speakers relied heavily on morphological and semantic information rather than on word order under "clean" conditions. However, under noise Germans made significantly less use of grammatical morphology, with a trend toward compensatory reliance on word order. The results indicate that a global reduction in processing capacity can affect some aspects of language more than others and suggest that such factors must be taken into account in trying to understand specific impairment of morphology in aphasia.     

Effects of grammatical categories on children's visual language processing: Evidence from event-related brain potentials

This study examined how school-aged children process different grammatical categories. Event-related brain potentials elicited by words in visually presented sentences were analyzed according to seven grammatical categories with naturally varying characteristics of linguistic functions, semantic features, and quantitative attributes of length and frequency. The categories included nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. The findings indicate that by the age of 9-10 years, children exhibit robust neural indicators differentiating grammatical categories; however, it is also evident that development of language processing is not yet adult-like at this age. The current findings are consistent with the hypothesis that for beginning readers a variety of cues and characteristics interact to affect processing of different grammatical categories and indicate the need to take into account linguistic functions, prosodic salience, and grammatical complexity as they relate to the development of language abilities.     

口语句子的韵律边界：窥探言语理解的秘窗

韵律边界加工与言语理解紧密相关, 最近十几年来逐渐成为心理学和语言学的研究焦点。韵律系统包含若干由小到大的韵律单位, 不同单位的韵律成分其边界强度不同, 表现在音高、延宕和停顿三个声学线索上的参数也不同。句子的听力理解过程中, 听话人运用声学线索感知权重策略对韵律边界的声学线索进行加工。从神经层面上来看, 对于韵律边界的加工, 大脑显示出独立且特异性的神经机制。韵律边界的加工能力在婴儿出生后随年龄的增长而发展, 到了老年阶段则逐渐退化, 而且似乎能够对二语迁移。未来, 需要扩大对韵律边界声学表现的考查范围, 进一步明确韵律边界的加工过程, 进一步厘清韵律边界加工和句法加工之间的关系, 进一步关注二语者韵律边界加工能力的发展。     

Item-learning and system-learning

Phonological and grammatical analyses of child language have concentrated on finding a system in the child's production or in its relationship to the adult target. This paper suggests that a stage of item-learning applies at various levels of language (phonology, intonation, morphology and syntax, and semantics) before a stage of system-learning. System-learning may involve segmentation and subsequent substitution; the separation of two simultaneously operating systems; or the pairing of a set of referents with one form.     

Newborns are sensitive to multiple cues for word segmentation in continuous speech

Before infants can learn words, they must identify those words in continuous speech. Yet, the speech signal lacks obvious boundary markers, which poses a potential problem for language acquisition (Swingley, Philos Trans R Soc Lond. Series B, Biol Sci 364 (1536), 3617–3632, 2009). By the middle of the first year, infants seem to have solved this problem (Bergelson & Swingley, Proc Natl Acad Sci 109 (9), 3253–3258, 2012; Jusczyk & Aslin, Cogn Psychol 29 , 1–23, 1995), but it is unknown if segmentation abilities are present from birth, or if they only emerge after sufficient language exposure and/or brain maturation. Here, in two independent experiments, we looked at two cues known to be crucial for the segmentation of human speech: the computation of statistical co‐occurrences between syllables and the use of the language's prosody. After a brief familiarization of about 3 min with continuous speech, using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy, neonates showed differential brain responses on a recognition test to words that violated either the statistical (Experiment 1) or prosodic (Experiment 2) boundaries of the familiarization, compared to words that conformed to those boundaries. Importantly, word recognition in Experiment 2 occurred even in the absence of prosodic information at test, meaning that newborns encoded the phonological content independently of its prosody. These data indicate that humans are born with operational language processing and memory capacities and can use at least two types of cues to segment otherwise continuous speech, a key first step in language acquisition.