从认知角度看隐喻翻译

本文从"隐喻是一种思维方式,生活中的语言充满着隐喻"这一视角出发,揭示英语隐喻意义的一般演算过程,演算(翻译)的制约机制,演算(翻译)后在汉语中的表现形式,以此来扩大隐喻翻译的研究范围,揭示隐喻翻译深层次的基理.     

汉语隐喻的语言形式特征及其对隐喻机器理解研究的影响

语言学界对隐喻的研究集中于从概念层面对隐喻进行认知分析,而淡化了对语言表达层面隐喻的典型特征做形式化的概括。然而,概念层面的隐喻却必须通过语言形式层面的隐喻表达来加以体现,隐喻的语言形式对隐喻的理解也具有极其重要的意义。特别是,当隐喻作为一种思维现象被纳入机器理解的研究范畴之后,隐喻的计算机制研究也开始要求高度地形式化隐喻的语言表达。鉴于此,本文面向隐喻机器理解,采用语料统计分析的方法,从大量实际隐喻语料出发,总结汉语隐喻的语言形式的复杂性特征:语言隐喻主要成分取值的不确定性、语言隐喻各成分出现与否的不确定性、隐喻嵌套和递进复用现象的普遍性,进而指出面向计算的隐喻研究困境以及出路。     

影响时空隐喻理解中时间运动视角选择的因素

“自我动”和“时间动”在时空隐喻中常被用来表征时间的运动方式, 代表了人们理解个体与时间相对运动的不同视角。大量研究已证实这两种时间运动视角存在心理现实性。人们对时间运动视角的选择受到空间运动经验、情绪、语言与文化、个体差异等具身因素的影响, 反映了时空隐喻理解中视角选择的灵活性。时间运动视角选择的相关研究不仅有助于我们深入认识语言与思维、情感、运动经验等之间的关系, 同时也为具身认知理论提供了进一步的实验证据。     

神话艺术进入语言的隐喻纽带

隐喻作为一种传统修辞学的概念,是一种认知手段.原始初民通过隐喻式思维认识世界;古希腊罗马时代的神话故事通过隐喻式思维的连结进入了语言,丰富了英语词汇.     

“前”、“后”轴上的内隐时空映射及其影响因素

利用空间方位"前"、"后"来理解和表征时间概念是人类语言和认知的一个基本特点。然而,人们心智中的内隐时空映射方向并不总与语言中的外显时空隐喻表达一致。近年来提出的"时间焦点假设"认为,人们内隐思维中的前后时空隐喻映射主要取决于时间焦点,即认知主体对于过去、现在和未来等时间事件的注意力。大量研究表明,与时间注意焦点相关的诸多因素,如文化态度、个体差异以及生活经验等都有可能影响内隐时空映射,为"时间焦点假设"提供了支持证据,同时也反映出人类时间认知系统的灵活性与可塑性。     

浅析隐喻手法在插图创作中的运用

认知语言学认为"人类的思维很大程度上是隐喻性的,人类认识和理解事物是对事物进行概念化、范畴化的过程,隐喻是其重要的工具。"隐喻的实质是要以一种事物来理解和经历另一种事物,在彼类事物的暗示之下感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论此类事物的心理行为,语言行为和文化行为;是从一个具体的概念域向一个抽象的概念域的系统映射。     

论坛荟萃

何中华 :隐喻与哲学的表征方式哲学选择怎样的表征方式才是恰当的呢 ?由于哲学的形而上学性质 ,即追求绝对的本体澄明之境 ,它只能选择诗歌语言来隐喻地表征自身。科学语言是基于抽象关系建立起来的表达方式。抽象关系的前提是“相同”规定与“相异”规定的分离。它必然使概念获得坚执性、固定性、明晰性。这恰恰是科学表达所内在地要求的。诗歌语言则是隐喻式的。它的能指和所指关系体现于“同”与“异”的统一 ,因而是扬弃了它们外在对立之后的规定。“同”与“异”的融合与渗透 ,也就是相似关系的建构。所以 ,中国的先哲从来不知道“是”…     

隐喻的逻辑特征

在科学哲学的历史传统中,隐喻一直被认为是一种非逻辑或反逻辑的思维与语言现象,以逻辑实证主义为典型代表的哲学派别更是严格地把隐喻排斥在经典逻辑的范畴之外。但是,20世纪后半叶以来,当代逻辑与认知科学的新发展逐渐揭示出一种事实:在认知主体的实际思维运作过程中,隐喻与逻辑绝非两种毫无关联的离散体;相反,两者在意义的暗示与牵连、概念的生成与转换、语言的理解与交流中互为表里、缺一不可,在认识论和方法论的双重意义上交叉互动,共同发挥其应有的作用。在这一过程中,隐喻本质地蕴涵着深层次的认知内容,并生动地展现出相应的逻辑特征…     

论利奥塔的“科学游戏”与“合法化”

一、科学、叙事与语言游戏“语言游戏”是维特根斯坦后期思想中的一个重大发明。他发现游戏是理解语言与真实世界的一个更好的思维模型 ,便一反其前期思想中语言和真实世界的“图像”关系 ,提出了与“生活形式”紧密相联的“语言游戏”概念。他认为“语言和与语言交织在一起的那些行动所组成的整体叫作语言游戏”① ,而且“语言游戏一词的使用意在突出语言的述说乃是一种活动 ,或是一种生活形式的一个部分”② 。这一理论为后现代主义者提供了理论平台 ,利奥塔 (ＪｅａｎＦｒａｎｃｏｉｓＬｙｏｔａｒｄ ,1 92 4- 1 998)就充分利用了这一理…     

隐喻认知机制的ERP研究

近年来,人们通过ERP(事件相关电位)对隐喻认知展开了多方面研究,主要有以下成果:(1)找到了有关隐喻认知"标准模式"和"并行加工模式"的证据;(2)发现字面表达、常见隐喻、新异隐喻诱发的N400波幅呈现逐级递增;(3)在隐喻理解的脑区差异上,有研究发现右脑在隐喻中起着重要作用,但还没有得到一致认可.     

思维与语言的关系：来自认知神经科学的证据

在有关人类心智的研究中,思维与语言的关系始终是一个复杂而重要的课题。借助于新的技术手段和研究思路,当代认知神经科学从新的角度探讨了这个古老而神秘的课题。其研究的基本逻辑是：如果某种特定的思维过程（比如简单的算术运算或者三段论推理）在本质上是“语言的”,那么,在进行这种思维活动时,大脑中负责语言信息处理的区域就会参与;反之,如果某种思维过程在本质上是“空间的”,则大脑中负责空间信息处理的区域就会参与其中。结合来自直观的脑功能图谱证据与其它的跨领域证据（如来自行为实验和脑损伤研究的证据）,能够帮助我们更加深入地认识和理解思维与语言的关系问题。     

SCIENCE AND RELIGION AS LANGUAGES: UNDERSTANDING THE SCIENCE–RELIGION RELATIONSHIP USING METAPHORS,ANALOGIES, AND MODELS

Many scholars often use the terms “metaphors,” “analogies,” and “models” interchangeably and inadvertently overlook the uniqueness of each word. According to recent cognitive studies, the three terms involve distinct cognitive processes using features from a familiar concept and applying them to an abstract, complicated concept. In the field of science and religion, there have been various objects or ideas used as metaphors, analogies, or models to describe the science–religion relationship. Although these heuristic tools provided some understanding of the complex interaction, they failed to address the broad nature of science and religion as well as the multifarious relationship between the two in a sociocultural context. Unlike the previous candidates, the concept of language, including the notions of linguistic worldview, linguistic identity, dialects, power, and bilingualism, offers a unique and comprehensive window through which science, religion, and the relationship between the two are seen with clarity.     

心理治疗中隐喻的使用、疗效检验及作用机制

隐喻是用一种具体、熟悉的概念去表达和理解一种抽象、不熟悉的概念的语言形式和认知方式,因其在心理治疗中可以有效传递治疗信息而被治疗师们广泛使用。早期的隐喻理论阐述了隐喻具有高创造性和增强长时记忆的认知加工优势,虽然不同心理治疗流派在治疗过程中对使用来访者还是治疗师产生的隐喻各有侧重,但它们都认为隐喻可以通过高创造性的内容、形成更优的长时记忆以及带来高度的认知卷入来帮助咨访双方有效加工、传递和保存治疗信息。精神分析流派强调治疗性隐喻在无意识水平上的意义交换产生的顿悟过程,认知行为疗法既强调隐喻可以促进认知图式的重构,也强调其组块性和形象性产生的记忆功能,接纳与承诺疗法认为隐喻传递信息时具有非评判、非分析、直觉经验的方式有利于促进个体发生改变,后现代疗法中强调让来访者重新叙述自己的人生故事或者发展出一种形象性或象征性表达,让来访者产生更具有功能的观点和看法。因此治疗性隐喻具备了跨越不同心理治疗理论取向的广泛认同基础。在实证研究上,大多数研究聚焦于探索在某种治疗方法中加入隐喻是否会有更佳的治疗效果,其中使用CBT作为框架的研究最为集中,有些研究发现隐喻干预在缓解心理症状方面优于常规干预,也有研究发现隐喻干预和非隐喻干预都可以有效缓解被试的心理痛苦,因此虽然没有获得十分一致的结论,但这些研究总体上证明了在心理治疗中使用隐喻是有效的。随着研究的深入,对治疗性隐喻起效的心理神经机制进行探索的实证研究也有效观测到了隐喻理论中提出的认知加工优势,包括隐喻的高创造性可以诱发顿悟（并伴随杏仁核、海马、梭状回等特异性神经网络的显著激活）、带来更佳的治疗效果,隐喻内容更容易被记住、有助于治疗持续发挥作用,以及隐喻可以增加来访者的认知卷入程度进而带来更大程度的认知改变。综上,无论从理论构建还是实证证据上,治疗性隐喻都是一种具有独特认知加工优势的认知工具和治疗信息传递途径。未来研究可以从更加科学的设置对照组、增加隐喻特异性的效果衡量指标以及探索其他可能的心理机制三个方面来进一步观察在治疗性隐喻的独特优势。最后,对在心理治疗实践中更好的使用隐喻以及研发嵌入隐喻的低成本高效益的社会心理健康服务方案提供了建议。     

A process-dissociation examination of the cognitive processes underlying unconscious thought

Conscious and unconscious thought have been previously found to differentially impact decision-making quality. However, little research has directly measured the processes underlying these modes of thinking. We propose that both thinking modes are characterized by rule-based and intuitive processing. In two experiments, we used the Process Dissociation Procedure to independently measure these cognitive processes. We tested three competing hypotheses: (a) conscious thinking evokes both increased rule-based and decreased intuitive processing compared to unconscious thinking; (b) conscious and unconscious thinking evoke similar levels of intuitive processing but conscious thinking enhances rule-based processing; and (c) conscious and unconscious thinking evoke similar levels of rule-based processing but unconscious thinking enhances intuitive processing. Experiment 1 used base-rate and law-of-large-numbers decision-making problems, whereas Experiment 2 used decision-making problems similar to the “apartment” problem that is often used in unconscious thought studies. In both experiments we found support for hypothesis (b).     

On the Importance of the Setting in the Psychoanalytic Situation

In this article, we explore the process of psychoanalytical listening in the context of language. We demonstrate through a clinical example how listening may act as a facilitator of a person's linguistic style, but also how the defence of negation blocks the same process. Guided by the modern speculations on the function of metaphor, we show how listening has been expressed in various metaphors and other “tropes” of language by psychoanalysts, and also how useful metaphors can be in our listening to patients.     

Gender constructions from a project on sex offenders

Abstract

The four-year group therapy of 16 sex offenders in prison was videotaped, and 21 sessions were carefully transcribed and analysed by means of conversation analysis and analysis of metaphor and narration. These qualitative methods are apt for verbal data and can be combined with psychoanalytic thinking in a productive way. New forms of process analysis can be developed. The results presented here are selected to relate to the topic of how the imprisoned group therapy participants constructed “gender” by ways of speaking about themselves, women, and their victims, young girls. The results show that it would be a mistake to think of these ways of speaking as if they could be ignored in favour of “deeper” motives, lying “behind” the words. Our results show how unconscious constructions of gender are not beyond language, but in language. “Doing gender” is a conversational practice.     

Binocular Vision in the Total Situation

This paper investigates the concept of “total situation” which, even though introduced into psychoanalytic thinking via sister disciplines, such as sociology, the neurosciences, etc., has gradually acquired a relatively prominent position in current therapeutic practice. It is used as a metaphor for the envelopment of the unfolding transferential and related events in the analytic process. Irrespective of whether one focuses on the individual analytic condition or the group-analytic one, contemporary psychoanalytic perspectives include both the bi-personal unconscious interactions and the various levels of the total situation in their conceptualizations of the nature of the process. Such a complex approach in conceptualization can only be achieved through the so-called binocular vision of the analyst.     

Discussion: The Analyst's Involvement in the Creative Aspect of Analysis

Recent formulations on the psychology of creativity in the analytic context, such as Albert Rothenberg's “homospacial thinking,” Arnold Modell's “unconscious metaphoric thought,” and Thomas Ogden's “transformational thinking,” are discussed. These concepts enable previously unconnected experiences to be combined within the mind, while emphasizing interpersonal imaginative processes such as identification and empathic knowledge; the dual cognitive features of these formulations permit awareness of the complexity of feelings in oneself and others, essential for psychoanalytic creativity. Further, the articles in this issue are synthesized, highlighting the importance of the analyst making creative (new and valuable) use of his or her entire life experience, feelings, attitudes, and fantasies in treatment. From this dicussion, it is evident that the analyst's creative use of self should be more systematically incorporated into psychoanalytic theory of technique.     

Metaphors of a bodily mind

Patients' metaphors in analysis may allow access to ineffable experiences. This is understandable, since the mind is a bodily mind, and language is a fully embodied function of this mind. That is, both are dependent for their existence upon the physical body. The ontogenic accumulation of perceived sensory impressions and affective processes far exceeds what can be put into words. Research in cognitive psychology suggests that the active mind functions in such a manner that later perceptions are organized by means of earlier ones. However, since the mind can know only its own representations, it inhabits two ever unknown realms: the external world itself, and the domain of internal unconscious processes that sustain the mind's functions. As a result, the world and the self we know are constructed by the mediation of our bodies. In language also, the active mode by which we perceive, process, and feel makes our understanding of words dependent on previous experience. The fact that the limbic system is activated immediately in the moment of processing experience means that all modalities of representation include an affective valuation.This inevitable processing of information through the mediation of affectively valued bodily perceptions gives the metaphorical function-the human capacity to organize experience and life in metaphoric ways-the ability to create linguistic metaphors that can capture and express otherwise inexpressible psychic experiences. This manner of understanding metaphor has implications for psychoanalytic technique.     

The influence of expertise and of physical complexity on visual short-term memory consolidation

This paper examines controversial claims about the merit of “unconscious thought” for making complex decisions. In four experiments, participants were presented with complex decisions and were asked to choose the best option immediately, after a period of conscious deliberation, or after a period of distraction (said to encourage “unconscious thought processes”). In all experiments the majority of participants chose the option predicted by their own subjective attribute weighting scores, regardless of the mode of thought employed. There was little evidence for the superiority of choices made “unconsciously”, but some evidence that conscious deliberation can lead to better choices. The final experiment suggested that the task is best conceptualized as one involving “online judgement” rather than one in which decisions are made after periods of deliberation or distraction. The results suggest that we should be cautious in accepting the advice to “stop thinking” about complex decisions.