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1.
Steve Clarke 《Sophia》2007,46(3):277-285
Both intention-based and causation-based definitions of the miraculous make reference to the term ‘supernatural’. Philosophers
who define the miraculous appear to use this term in a loose way, perhaps meaning the nonnatural, perhaps meaning a subcategory
of the nonnatural. Here I examine the aetiology of the term ‘supernatural’. I consider three outstanding issues regarding
the meaning of the term and conclude that the supernatural is best understood as a subcategory of the nonnatural. In light
of this clarification, I argue that a prominent causation-based definition of the miraculous should be revised so as not refer
to the supernatural. I further argue that authors of intention-based definitions of the miraculous need to consider whether
or not they should continue to refer to the supernatural, in their definitions of the miraculous, in light of the conclusions
discerned here.
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Steve ClarkeEmail: |
2.
In this paper we analyze the uses and misuses of argumentation schemes from verbal classification, and show how argument from
definition supports argumentation based on argument from verbal classification. The inquiry has inevitably included the broader
study of the concept of definition. The paper presents the schemes for argument from classification and for argument from
definition, and shows how the latter type of argument so typically supports the former. The problem of analyzing arguments
based on classification is framed in a structure that reveals the crucial role it plays in the persuasion process. The survey
of the literature includes the work of Hastings, Perelman, Kienpointner and Schiappa, but still finds much of value in Aristotle.
Lessons drawn from Aristotle’s Topics are shown to be useful for developing new tools for assessing definitions and arguments
from definition.
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Fabrizio MacagnoEmail: |
3.
Purpose To investigate the relationship between trust in the organization and employees’ exchange beliefs (i.e., exchange ideology)
and both psychological attachment and role definitions.
Design/Methodology/Approach A field study based on data from 204 line and supervisory employees examined the relationships between the predictors and
work role boundaries. Two important mechanisms, psychological attachment (organizational commitment) and job satisfaction
were examined as mediator and moderator, respectively, to the relationship between trust and exchange ideology and role definitions.
Findings Results indicate that both relation- and exchange-based variables predict enlarged roles (i.e., employees’ perceived organizational
citizenship behaviors as in-role). Additionally, organizational commitment mediated the relationship between the predictor
and the outcome. Job satisfaction moderated the relationship between trust and role definition.
Implications Work role boundaries are important in the contemporary workplace, where employees are oftentimes required to enlarge their
behavioral set. We provide evidence for the importance of managing the relationship with the organization (through high levels
of trust) and making sure employees construe their exchanges with the organization as more open. Such knowledge may help design
interventions to increase employee trust, and select employees with favorable exchange ideologies.
Originality/Value This is one of the first studies examining both relationship- and exchange-based variables as predictors of role definitions,
and clarifies possible mechanisms (mediation through psychological attachment) and the role of job satisfaction as moderator. 相似文献
4.
Edward Schiappa 《Argumentation》2000,14(3):315-332
In this paper, a case study is presented of constitutional debates about abortion. An analysis is given of arguments from the Roe v. Wade case for definitions concerning the key notions of `person' and `human life'. The paper illustrates how the Court has gradually taken a more pragmatic or rhetorical position on definitional matters crucial to the purpose of regulating abortion. 相似文献
5.
Arguing about definitions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Edward Schiappa 《Argumentation》1993,7(4):403-417
What are the implications of taking seriously Chaïm Perelman's proposition that “definitions are rhetorical”? Efforts to find Real Definitions are dysfunctional to the extent they direct argumentation toward pseudo “is” claims and away from explicit “ought” claims about how words are to be used. Addressing definitional disputes explicitly as propositions ofought rather thanis could put on the agenda the pragmatic concerns of definitional choice that might otherwise remain tacit. 相似文献
6.
Gregory R. Peterson 《Zygon》1999,34(1):139-149
Beginning with the End represents an excellent collection of articles devoted to the thought of Wolfhart Pannenberg. This volume includes many of the most important thinkers in the science-religion dialogue and shows as well the importance and impact of Pannenberg's theology. This response addresses themes that surface in several of the articles: What is religion? What is science? What is theology? What is God? On some of these themes there is agreement, on others sharp disagreement. The conclusion also considers what this volume suggests about the future of Pannenberg's theology. 相似文献
7.
Carl Erik Kühl 《Axiomathes》2008,18(3):303-338
This paper presents a typology of human actions, based on Aristotle’s kinesis–energeia dichotomy and on a formal elaboration
(with some refinement) of the Vendler–Kenny classificatory schemes for action types (or action verbs). The types introduced
are defined throughout by inferential criteria, in terms of what here are referred to as “modal-temporal expressions” (‘MT-terms’).
Examples of familiar categories analysed in this way are production and maintenance, but the procedure is meant to offer a
basis for defining various other commonsense categories. Among the more theoretical categories introduced are “Aristotelian
projects”, i.e. actions defined in terms of Aristotle’s conceptions of movement/change, as well as “abstract projects”, in
which the agent ensures that something changes from not being a fact to being a fact, and “conditional agency”, which involves
actions that are to be performed when/if certain conditions come to be fulfilled. A category like “starting an action” is
itself inferentially defined here in MT-terms, and so, inter alia, are proceeding with, finishing, stopping and interrupting an action. There is also a demonstration of how actions of one
type may be converted into those of other types, where this is a matter of the way they are “seen” or described. There is
also an implication to the effect that some of these distinctions may be useful for formulating certain critical insights
regarding modern life.
相似文献
Carl Erik KühlEmail: |
8.
《Sport, Ethics and Philosophy》2013,7(2):93-109
Bernard Suits bequeathed a rich legacy of philosophical insights contributing to our developing a deeper understanding of sport-related issues, and his work has attracted much attention and stimulated valuable controversy over many years. However, the interest it has stimulated appears uneven. In this context and with reference to the former claims above, I focus on a part of his work that has received relatively less commentary, in the hope that it too will yield work of value. Given the imaginative quality of Suits's writing, it is pessimistic to assume that attention to a relatively neglected part of his work will fail to bear fruit, if not as a result of my labours here, then perhaps of someone else's in further discussion. My concern is his account of ‘play’, by which he meant to toy, fiddle or trifle with something or other, written over 30 years ago, and it stems from reflection on one recent effort to examine this part of Suits's work, namely Morgan's discussion of ‘play’. My article attempts an analysis of the definition Suits gave and an evaluation of efforts he made to defend his understanding, alongside brief exploration of Morgan's work. Both of these tasks are undertaken against a background of Suits's broader concerns with the place of games in an ideal life. The conclusions I reach are that Suits's account embodies too many issues to be acceptable; that Morgan's attempt to rescue him from one of them is misdirected; but that even if my criticisms are damaging to the account of ‘play’ I examine, they leave Suits's main work on playing games seriously as sports unscathed. 相似文献
9.
Hans Vilhelm Hansen 《Argumentation》2002,16(3):263-276
This essay attempts to give definitions and identity conditions for the two predominant senses of Argument currently in use, the one involving reasons for a conclusion and the other denoting an expressed disagreement with ensuing verbal behaviour by two parties. I see Johnson's new concept of Argument, as developed in his book Manifest Rationality, as a hybrid of the two common senses of Argument, and, accordingly, I try to define and give the identity conditions of Johnson-arguments. Finally, I disagree with Johnson on the nature of the definition he thinks he has proposed, and I conclude with observations suggesting that his logical perspective has dialectical and rhetorical components. 相似文献
10.
Strategic Maneuvering through Persuasive
Definitions: Implications for Dialectic and Rhetoric 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Zarefsky 《Argumentation》2006,20(4):399-416
Persuasive definitions – those that convey an attitude in the act of naming – are frequently employed in discourse and are
a form of strategic maneuvering. The dynamics of persuasive definition are explored through brief case studies and an extended
analysis of the use of the “war” metaphor in responding to terrorism after September 11, 2001. Examining persuasive definitions
enables us to notice similarities and differences between strategic maneuvering in dialectical and in rhetorical argument,
as well as differences between the role of strategic maneuvering in normatively ideal argument and in actually existing argument.
This will avoid the double standard of comparing ideal dialectic with actual rhetoric, or vice versa. The results of the analysis
suggest possibilities for a rapprochement between dialectical and rhetorical approaches to argumentation. 相似文献
11.
12.
Definitions of violence vary and are almost always operationalized by the researcher. Perceptions of violence often determine levels of tolerance of violence. Little research has focused on lay definitions. A total of 309 Swedes (78 children, 85 teenagers, 99 younger adults, and 47 adults (30+); 48% male) were interviewed using a specially developed interview protocol. Content analysis was used to assign definitional categories. A folk taxonomy emerged. Immediate physical violence accounted for 73% of all assigned categories. Hit was the word that occurred most frequently. If global physical violence was included, physical violence accounted for 89% of 780 assigned categories. Immediate non-physical violence accounted for 9% and vicarious violence (including media violence) accounted for 2%. Distributions of categories by respondents' gender, age, and participant role in incidents of violence showed the underlying definitions of violence to be extremely stable. The conclusion is that ordinary Swedes share a robust lay definition of violence as a behavior that is immediate, done in close quarters, and physical. 相似文献
13.
Francesco Orilia 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2000,29(2):155-169
Gupta"s and Belnap"s Revision Theory of Truth defends the legitimacy of circular definitions. Circularity, however, forces us to reconsider our conception of meaning. A readjustment of some standard theses about meaning is here proposed, by relying on a novel version of the sense–reference distinction. 相似文献
14.
We argue that a certain picture of the relationship between language and the world informed Meehl’s outlook on how science worked. That picture authorized talk about constructs and has led to construct proliferation and other problems. Operational analysis offers an alternative view and suggests that a major shortcoming of soft psychology is its lack of disciplined limits on acceptable verbal behavior. 相似文献
15.
Danielle Kohfeldt Regina Day Langhout 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2012,22(4):316-329
Participatory action research with young people (yPAR) involves youth and adults in a collaborative process of research, reflection, analysis and action. An important part of the research cycle is the identification of a problem definition. Yet, there is relatively little research addressing the process of how young people develop a problem definition on which to focus their analysis and intervention and what methods might exist to facilitate this process. This article draws upon a yPAR project with fifth‐grade working‐class young people, primarily young people of colour, to demonstrate how the Five Whys method for reflecting on lived experiences facilitated the development of problem definitions in line with second‐order change. The Five Whys method, when used within a participatory framework, offers both a context and a structure for young people to critically examine social problems they identify and to seek out root causes. The article highlights changes in the participant's formulation of problems in the context of using the Five Whys method, from a primarily individual level of analysis to a more structural level of analysis. It also outlines the subsequent changes in proposed actions to address the identified problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
This paper is intended to provide literature signposts for the new researcher into adult bullying. A concise, but not exhaustive, overview of literature relating to workplace bullying is undertaken. It draws on the base provided by work into school bullying and progresses to the arena of adult bullying. In both fields Scandinavian countries have contributed a significant proportion of the research. Research reported in the English language into adult bullying at work is rather limited, but will have emphasis in this paper. Broadly there are two direct approaches; that of investigating the incidence of bullying, and also that of attempting to understand the bullying process. Both approaches are sometimes integrated within a study. There is a wide range of work that can be related to bullying at work, and some of these areas are highlighted. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Luiz Pessoa 《Cognition & emotion》2019,33(1):55-60
ABSTRACTThe present paper addresses conceptual issues that are central to emotion research. What is emotion? What are its defining characteristics? The field struggles with questions like these almost constantly. I argue that definitions, and deciding what is the proper status of emotion, are not a requirement for scientific progress – in fact, they can hinder it. Therefore, “emotion” researchers should strive to develop a science of complex behaviours, and worry less about their exact nature. But for interesting behaviours, is most of the explaining that is needed present at the level of isolated systems (perception, cognition, etc.) or at the level of interactions between them? I suggest that the level of interactions is where most of the work is needed. Accordingly, I advocate that it is important to embrace integration, and not to strive to necessarily disentangle the multiple contributions underlying behaviours. More generally, it is argued that we need to revise models of causation adopted when reasoning about the mind and brain. Instead, a “complex systems” approach is required where the interactions between multiple components lead to system-level – emergent – properties that cannot be isolated or attributed to more elementary parts. 相似文献
18.
Jianbo Cao 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(4):675-687
Usually, people think that Gettier counter-examples challenged the traditional tripartite definition of knowledge and fundamentally
changed the characteristic of the contemporary epistemology. This paper argues that regard for Gettier counter-examples is
exaggerated, because (i) the JTB definition is neither an important nor a comprehensive one that covers all knowledge. Moreover,
the significance of Gettier counter-examples is limited. (ii) The source of Gettier counter-examples lies in one arbitrary
judgment, two mix-ups, three false assumptions, and a misunderstanding about the JTB definition.
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Translated from Fudan Xuebao 复旦学报 (Fudan Journal), 2004 (5) 相似文献
19.
20.
就"细胞凋亡"这个热点名称进行探讨,从凋亡的起因及定义、由凋亡定义引起的哲学思考及就定义所做的建议进行分别论述.凋亡最初提出的是一种形态学特点,描述与坏死相对应的细胞解体的主动过程,之后大多数文章把凋亡定义为程序性的细胞死亡,并逐步演绎把死亡之前的细胞内生化变化称为凋亡.由此引起凋亡判断标准的混乱,并产生相关的药理学问题.细胞凋亡的实际情况与人类冠以的定义产生矛盾,其根本原因是真正实体与人为定义概念的哲学思维的混淆.提出应用直接描述真正实体的名称较凋亡更为可取. 相似文献