适宜技术与诊疗最优化临床应用患者方面的影响因素

从诊疗中的认识论和辩证法的角度,通过实际案例分析医生及患者对选择适宜技术实现诊疗最优化的消极和积极的影响;阐述了患者自身的经济状况在很大程度上影响着适宜技术的应用;患者的心理因素和家人的态度在一定程度上也影响着适宜技术的应用及实现诊疗最优化。医生要提高自己的综合素质,患者要充分发挥自己的主观能动性,消除消极的影响,增强积极的影响,共同促进适宜技术的临床应用及实现诊疗最优化。     

口腔专业适宜技术与诊疗最优化

推行适宜技术和诊疗最优化的原则是避免过度医疗的有效途径.而在口腔专业中必须要体现其特殊性.口腔治疗的总体目标是健康、美观,这一目标有赖于患者的主观评价;患者在治疗中具有自主选择的权利,而医生提供专业上的支持和具体的执行.因此口腔科适宜技术的基本要求是:适合患者的自身条件和需求、符合医学专业诊疗原则的要求以及适合医生的个人技术水平.然而对于我国现阶段而言,适宜技术是一个宽泛且较低的标准,而口腔临床工作中应该以最优化的治疗作为实际追求的目标.     

口腔专业适宜技术与诊疗最优化

推行适宜技术和诊疗最优化的原则是避免过度医疗的有效途径。而在口腔专业中必须要体现其特殊性。口腔治疗的总体目标是健康、美观,这一目标有赖于患者的主观评价;患者在治疗中具有自主选择的权利,而医生提供专业上的支持和具体的执行。因此口腔科适宜技术的基本要求是:适合患者的自身条件和需求、符合医学专业诊疗原则的要求以及适合医生的个人技术水平。然而对于我国现阶段而言,适宜技术是一个宽泛且较低的标准,而口腔临床工作中应该以最优化的治疗作为实际追求的目标。     

适宜技术与诊疗最优化的可行性研究

在案例分析的基础上,作出了医生是临床诊疗中适宜技术的主要选择者的判断;论证了运用适宜技术实现诊疗最优化的可行性;认为适宜技术难以选择和实施的主要原因是利益关系、责任心不强和管理措施不到位;提出了必须着力培育适合于适宜技术生长的土壤的对策,即:实行政策引导与资金支持、进一步加大监管力度、营造良好的氛围、高度重视并加强医生道德素质的培养.     

白内障手术中的适宜技术与诊疗最优化

在临床工作中为避免过度医疗,普遍的原则是大力推行适宜技术、适度医疗,并努力实现诊疗的最优化.在我国现阶段,适宜技术是一个宽泛且较低的标准,白内障手术中的适宜技术并不能使患者获得最佳疗效,达不到最优化医疗的要求.相信随着我国医疗体制的健全,白内障患者可以享受到最优化医疗.     

关于肿瘤专科诊疗最优化与过度医疗

肿瘤专科诊疗最优化准则有狭义、广义之分,二者既有区别,更有联系.肿瘤专科诊疗的过度医疗的内容是动态发展的,在特定情况下有其积极意义.实现肿瘤专科诊疗最优化,避免过度医疗,要重视矛盾问题"底线"的研究,提供相对宽松的技术、学术、文化氛围;医者持续的、有计划的专业学习与培训是增强其主体性的保证和前提;要充分考虑"可承受性"原则;用新的医德价值观指导现实中的医学道德实践;积极发挥医院伦理委员在肿瘤专科诊疗决策中的作用;建立与利用医务人员诚信档案.     

白内障手术中的适宜技术与诊疗最优化

在临床工作中为避免过度医疗,普遍的原则是大力推行适宜技术、适度医疗,并努力实现诊疗的最优化。在我国现阶段,适宜技术是一个宽泛且较低的标准,白内障手术中的适宜技术并不能使患者获得最佳疗效,达不到最优化医疗的要求。相信随着我国医疗体制的健全,白内障患者可以享受到最优化医疗。     

医患沟通对医生刻板印象表达的影响

从沟通频次与刻板印象传递性质的关系入手,以住院患者和尚未成为住院患者的大学生为被试,采用系列再生范式,利用10条4人再生链,探讨了医患沟通频次对医生刻板印象表达的影响。结果显示,与医生沟通频次高的住院患者在再生链的第2个位置传递医生的积极信息高于消极信息,但是经过4人的传递,住院患者对医生刻板印象信息的传递在积极信息与消极信息没有差异。而与医生沟通频次低的大学生在再生链的后期表现出传递医生消极信息的倾向。该结果表明：沟通频次能够调节有关医生的消极刻板印象的传递—与医生沟通频次高的群体在传递医生的刻板印象信息时,在传递的早期具有积极的倾向性;但经过多人传递之后,在效价方面已经没有倾向性;与医生沟通频次低的群体倾向于传递医生刻板印象的消极信息。     

幼儿社会行为各维度的内部及相互关系的研究

本研究采用随机抽样法对12个小、中、大班共435名幼儿的社会行为各维度内部及相互关系进行了研究.结果表明,幼儿积极行为内部和消极行为内部均存在着非常显著的正相关;幼儿积极行为和消极行为间则存在着显著的负相关,但两者间的关系并非必然和绝对,幼儿积极和消极行为间存在着四种主要关系类型;在不同活动中,幼儿积极行为与消极行为间的关系不同.     

医患共同决策诊疗模式的现状分析

医患共同决策诊疗模式已经践行了许多年.系统检测,卓有成效.但是,在实践过程中仍然有很多问题存在.尽管许多医生认为自己已经使用了共同决策,但是研究显示出现实与感知的差异.由于我们的决策面对的是需要治疗的患者,而患者是存在个体差异的;同时,医学知识和技术是在不断发展和进步的,所以医生需要改变传统的决策方式,重视医学证据、可用资源和患者的价值取向.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.