人类辅助生殖技术中的伦理监督与实践

我国人类辅助生殖技术的开展以及相关法律规范的实施为该技术的运用带来伦理管理的新课题。分别阐述辅助生殖技术中伦理监督的重要意义、重点与难点,对我院具体管理工作与实践探索作了介绍,并对该技术伦理监督管理中的几个问题进行了讨论。     

我国人类辅助生殖技术伦理调控规范化建设的重大发展--《人类辅助生殖技术和人类精子库伦理原则》特征刍议

探讨<人类辅助生殖技术和人类精子库伦理原则>的特征及意义,采用类比法、逻辑法进行研究,归纳概括出该<原则>五方面特点,认为该<原则>是我国人类辅助生殖技术伦理调控规范化建设的重大发展,对提升我国该技术领域的伦理水平,促进该技术健康实施意义重大.     

人类辅助生殖技术与儒家生命伦理观的价值冲突与和解

人类辅助生殖技术对人类自然出生方式和自然生命的深度干预与技术控制,使儒家传统生命伦理观遭遇伦理挑战,以致儒家生命伦理难以对人类辅助生殖技术的应用提供及时有效的价值引导。人类辅助生殖技术的临床应用也受到以儒家为主导的传统价值理念的诘难。人类辅助生殖技术作为人类精神文化的产物,应当接受儒家生命伦理理念的价值引导和约束。同时儒家生命伦理理念也应当归纳、包容新的科技价值理念,在科技与伦理之间寻找平衡点,发展出新的伦理原则和哲学基础来应对人类辅助生殖技术引发的诸多伦理困境。     

浅论生殖医学伦理委员会的功能

辅助生殖技术的开展为医学伦理带来了新的内容和挑战。我国卫生部于2001年2月20日发布的《人类辅助生殖技术管理办法》中规定,人类辅助生殖技术的应符合有利于患者的原则、知情同意的原则、保护后代的原则、社会公益原则、保密原则、严防商业化的原则和伦理监督的原则。开展辅助生殖技术的条件之一是医疗机构建立生殖医学伦理委员会。伦理委员会是教育性、咨询性、义务性及独立组织。生殖医学伦理委员会应依据上述原则对人类辅助生殖技术的全过程和有关研究进行监督,开展生殖医学伦理宣传教育,并对实施中遇到的伦理问题进行审查、咨询、论证和建议。     

医务人员对辅助生殖技术伦理认知的调查

为了解医务人员对辅助生殖技术伦理知识的认知情况及对待争议问题的观点,对已开展多年辅助生殖技术的上海市第一妇婴保健院的所有医务人员进行有关辅助生殖技术伦理认知的问卷调查.问卷包括配子和胚胎的处理、捐献问题、子代问题及有关新技术的问题.结果显示,医务人员对其中一些争议问题态度相对宽松,但对这些问题的认知情况仍然不足,在伦理知识方面需要更多培训普及.     

辅助生殖技术引发的案例伦理分析

辅助生殖技术虽然给无数个不育夫妇带来了福音,但同时也给人类传统的伦理观念带来了冲击和挑战,同时它的滥用还可能给人类造成灾难。通过对由辅助生殖技术引发的7个典型案例的伦理分析和研究,来进一步探讨辅助生殖技术中伦理问题及其对策。     

人类辅助生殖技术中的诊疗策略及伦理

人类辅助生殖技术是医学领域的一门新兴学科,随着此项技术的逐步成熟,也伴随着出现了各种诊疗及伦理问题.探讨对不孕症夫妇诊疗过程中的心理关怀与策略、人类辅助生殖技术治疗过程中的诊疗策略及其引起的伦理及相关法律等问题,认为在实施此项技术的过程中需要更规范、合理和人性化的诊疗策略.     

中美辅助生殖技术伦理规范的比较研究

人类辅助生殖技术给不孕不育症患者带来了福音,但在一定程度上改变了人类的自然生殖过程,同时也为医务工作人员在实施该项技术的过程中增添了新的伦理困惑.通过比较研究,拟从伦理法规制定机构、单一精子供应上限、精子库精源、受者范围、捐献目的、捐献方式等对中美两国在人类辅助生殖技术方面伦理规范的差异进行阐述,为我国提高此项技术的伦理审查能力、增强政策研究、保证伦理监督的公平和客观提供科学合理的借鉴.     

ART伦理委员会构建与作用的探讨

辅助生殖技术(Assisted Reproduction Technique,ART)的飞速发展给社会带来了复杂的伦理难题.实践证明,只有发挥伦理委员会作为一个工作机构的职能,在医患人群中加强ART技术基本原理及相关伦理原则的宣传教育,才能促使医患人群都能够自觉遵守优良的医学伦理道德规范,保证人类辅助生殖技术的健康发展.     

关于建立卵子库的伦理学思考

卵子库的出现带来了一系列伦理问题,对传统道德观念引发了挑战.回顾了卵子库的建立与相关技术的发展历史,及卵子库在人工辅助生殖技术中的应用价值,并对卵子库面临的主要伦理问题进行了分析讨论,最后为建立卵子库所应采用的伦理原则提出相关建议.     

The nature of The Nature of Prejudice

This paper attempts to establish the historical context for the development and publication of Gordon Allport's text, The Nature of Prejudice, and by so doing illustrate the importance of historicizing psychological social psychology. The Nature of Prejudice was, in part, the cumulative result of a decade of Gordon Allport's classroom teaching in a new interdisciplinary unit at Harvard, the Department of Social Relations. This paper chronicles key elements of Allport's course -"Prejudice and Intergroup Conflict"-from 1944 to the mid-1950s.     

试论社会历史规律和自然规律

从古希腊神话故事中的命运女神,到基督教神学关于上帝决定历史,再到维科、康德和黑格尔等关于“天神旨意”、“自然的意图”和“理性的狡黠”,尽管都没有科学地揭示出人类社会历史的内在规律,但都以不同形式承认了社会历史规律的存在。可以说,在19世纪下半叶之前,关于人类社会历史是有规律的思想一直是占主导地位的历史观。但是,在马克思之前,人们普遍认为社会历史规律是绝对必然性,人在这种必然性面前是无能为力、束手无策的。如黑格尔的历史哲学,就具有浓厚的宿命论色彩。     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

建言类型对领导者建言采纳的影响：面子与幽默的作用

以说服和面子理论为基础,通过两个研究探讨领导者建言采纳行为的影响因素及作用机制。结果发现：相对于促进型建言,抑制型建言给领导带来的面子威胁更大,且领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建言采纳之间起部分的中介作用。而幽默类型与水平影响领导者感知面子威胁的程度,积极幽默水平越高,领导者感知面子威胁的程度越低,其建言采纳可能性越高。这表明领导者感知面子威胁在建言类型与建议采纳间起中介作用,幽默调节了此中介效应。     

骨折治疗方法与原则的最优化历程

多年来骨折治疗,新旧技术、新旧理论相互融合,相互碰撞,产生了新的理论和方法,使得临床疗效显著提高,现阶段理智的临床医生应该融汇各家之长,多方互补,对每一位骨折患者的治疗都应该按照最优化的原则进行.但是在医疗过程中总存在着如方法选择不当或者错误,过度治疗,医患信任危机,医疗伦理道德的丧失等情况,我们应该用矛盾分析的方法来思考这些问题.     

The Future of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

I examine the value and limitations of Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In the interests of developing a social epistemology of science, I argue that we should draw on Kuhn’s later work, published in The Road since Structure. There, Kuhn draws attention to the important role that specialty formation plays in resolving crises in science, a topic he did not discuss in Structure. I argue that we need to develop a better understanding of specialty research communities. Kuhn’s later work provides a research agenda for those who want to study scientific specialization. I briefly discuss some recent studies that promise to provide valuable insight into the social structure of science.     

“解释学”的没落与“描述学”的兴起——“既成”与“当下瞬间”的冲突

为了充分理解解释这个术语本身,我们得回到它的前提及其相关术语。解释的前提是理解,被理解的叫含义或意义。无论我们是否意识到,解释已经意味着进入哲学,从来的哲学家都在解释世界(马克思语)。怎么解释呢?用语言。传统上,我们往往从意识或概念领域接近解释学问