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1.
Introduction
In industrialized countries, gambling disorder tends to become a major issue. The use of the social representation theory provides clues for a better understanding of pathological gamblers.Objective
This paper investigates the representation of risk in a gambling context among lay people (Study 1) and among controlled gamblers and probable pathological gamblers (Study 2).Method
In the first study, 1106 people answered a free association task based on the target expression ‘risk in a gambling context’. In the second study, a small sample of gamblers, half of them being probable pathological gamblers (based on their score at the SOGS), participated in a semi-structured interview about risk in a gambling context. Interview guidelines were constructed based on the results obtained from Study 1.Results
In Study 1, results indicate that the overall representation of risk in a gambling context differs from the one in a general context. The results are interpreted through the prospect theory and the decision-making dual-process model. Results from Study 2 show that, contrarily to those being probable pathological gamblers, controlled gamblers orient their discourse around the notion of pleasure and do not perceive gambling as a threat for their ego.Conclusion
Controlled gamblers fear to lose money, while probable pathological gamblers fear to lose the game. 相似文献2.
C. Lemercier A. Simoës-Perlant J.R. Schmidt C. Boujon 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2017,67(1):43-50
Introduction/objective
In a sample of 171 participants aged 6 to 18, the present investigation assessed the changes in the size of the Stroop effect with age, and its relationship with the development of expectancies.Method
Experiment 1 consisted in four separated tasks, involving naming print colors or reading color words in either a purely neutral or mixed incongruent/neutral condition. Experiment 2 examined changes in the effect of expectation on color naming and word reading processes with age. We manipulated the stimulus set size (from three to seven different neutral stimuli to name or read per condition) in a neutral word-reading and a neutral color-naming task.Results
As expected, color naming and word reading develop with age, as revealed by decreased response times. More surprisingly, the magnitude of the Stroop effect was similar across age groups. No reversed Stroop effects were observed (Experiment 1). Moreover, increasing the number of different colors to be named slowed color-naming, but did not impact word reading latencies (Experiment 2).Conclusion
A reduction of the cost associated with increasing neutral stimulus set size with age was also observed, revealing the development of expectation processes. The regression analysis linking the data of the two experiments confirmed the impact of expectancies on color-naming but not on word reading. The analysis also supported the idea that the Stroop effect is in part due to expectation. 相似文献3.
Introduction
The assumption of the stability of intelligence is the source of the predictive value of the Intelligence Quotient (e.g., Full Scale IQ). However, few studies have investigated the long-term stability of one of the most frequently used tests in the field of cognitive assessment: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – 4th edition (WISC-IV).Objective
For a deeper understanding and a better use of intelligence test scores, this study examined the long-term stability of the standard index scores and five CHC composite scores of the French WISC-IV.Method
A test–retest procedure was used, with an average retest interval of 1.77 year (SD = 0.56 year). This study involved 277 French-speaking Swiss children aged between 7 and 12 years. Three types of stability analysis were conducted: (a) mean-level changes, (b) rank-order consistency and change, and (c) individual-level of change.Results
The observed pattern of mean-level changes suggested a normative mean-level stability for the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), the General Ability Index (GAI), Comprehension-Knowledge (Gc), and Visual Processing (Gv). Regarding individual differences stability, only the FSIQ and the GAI reached a reliability of .80 required for making decisions about individuals. Using a two standard errors of measurement confidence interval (± 2 SEM), we examined individual-level stability. Results indicated that more than 70% of the children presented stable performances for the GAI, Gc, and Gv scores.Conclusion
Together, nomothetic and idiographic perspectives suggested that the GAI, Gc, and Gv were the most stable scores in our non-clinical sample. 相似文献4.
P. Gobin A.-M. Camblats W. Faurous S. Mathey 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2017,67(1):25-42
Introduction/aim
Several studies have shown that the effects of word emotionality on its processing depend on both its valence and its arousal. Such effects also varied with age. However, in French, there is no norm providing both valence and arousal estimates for words not directly referring to an emotion. That was the aim of this study. Moreover, the base of word emotionality according to age (EMA) we propose here provides categorization for each word in basic emotional subcategories.Method
In total, 1286 French words were evaluated on line on both emotional valence and arousal by 1017 adults from 18 to 82 years old. Moreover, each word judged as negative or positive was attributed to a category (joy, surprise, anger, disgust, fear or sadness).Results
The data showed (1) a quadratic relationship between valence and arousal, maintained across age groups, even if its strength decreased with aging; (2) age-related variations of both valence and arousal estimates; and (3) a modification of valence and arousal evaluations according to affiliation to basic emotional subcategories.Conclusion
The EMA base provides a new tool for studies using emotional words in adulthood, especially for those investigating cognitive functioning in aging or in a specific age group. 相似文献5.
John Torous Michael E. Levin David K. Ahern Megan L. Oser 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2017,24(2):215-225
Objective
To review the current literature for evidence regarding the feasibility and efficacy of smartphone-based cognitive-behavioral intervention mobile applications, compare such to the number of applications on the commercial marketplaces, and explore potential steps forward for research in the field.Methods
A literature search was conducted for papers published before February 2015 featuring quantitative results on clinical outcomes regarding the use of a smartphone for cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, behavioral activation, and acceptance and commitment therapy. A search for the number of related applications available to consumers on the Apple and Google Play commercial marketplaces was also conducted.Results
Nine studies, described in 11 articles, were identified that featured the use of smartphones in cognitive-behavioral interventions. The majority of studies presented pilot results suggesting the potential feasibility/efficacy of such apps. Four hundred and forty-seven related applications were found to be available on the commercial marketplaces.Conclusions
The research base for smartphone-based cognitive-behavioral intervention mobile applications is preliminary at this point although results are encouraging. There is a discrepancy between the published literature and commercial applications available to consumers. We suggest potential steps forward in research to advance clinical use and research on this topic. 相似文献6.
A. Sutton 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2018,68(3):117-130
Introduction
The relationship between role personality consistency and well-being is somewhat ambiguous, with past research relying on methods confounded by social desirability or role stereotypes, or conflating consistency with authenticity.Objective
This study uses a robust mixed method approach to establish the distinct impacts of authenticity and personality consistency on well-being.Method
In the quantitative phase, 191 participants completed questionnaires assessing contextualised personality, well-being and authenticity. In the subsequent qualitative phase, a stratified sample of 22 participants completed a series of six open-ended reflective questions.Results
Findings demonstrated significant work-home personality differences at the individual, but not group, level and revealed that authenticity, but not personality consistency, predicted well-being. Thematic analysis demonstrated that authenticity was understood as acting in line with personal values rather than demonstrating behavioural consistency across situations. In addition, while both personality differentiation and inauthenticity were seen as functional, their associations with well-being were substantially different: differentiation was associated with both positive and negative feelings and interpretations, while authenticity was exclusively a positive experience.Conclusion
Authenticity, not personality consistency, is the key contributing factor to well-being. People who feel authentic, regardless of the extent of their contextual personality differentiation, are less stressed and more satisfied. 相似文献7.
Introduction
The present study focuses on patient-centered care and quality of life in dependent aging people living in nursing home.Objective
Our aim was to assess the links between the perceptions of patient-centered care, autonomy, satisfaction with care, and quality of life, according to aging dependent people and to their proxies.Method
Twenty-nine elderly residents in a nursing home and 32 close-relatives were jointly questioned on all indicators.Results
Our results showed that: (1) aging dependent people and proxies have inconsistent perceptions for quality of life and patient-centered care; (2) quality of life is linked to autonomy perception and satisfaction with care in aging dependent people, but only with autonomy perception in proxies; (3) patient-centered care is linked to satisfaction with care in aging people and in proxies.Conclusion
The results propose that fostering patient-centered care in nursing home for aging people may increase satisfaction with care, by involving both dependent residents and close-relatives. 相似文献8.
Introduction
Self-conscious emotions play an important role in children's psychosocial functioning.Objective
To examine how institutionalized children who have been abused and noninstitutionalized children solve socio-moral conflicts and evoke self-conscious emotions to deal with these conflicts.Method
One hundred children aged 5 to 8 years old (50 placed in residential care after abuse and 50 nonabused living with their biological families) were asked to solve the socio-moral conflicts enacted by a set of five story-stems.Results
Institutionalized children describe less adjusted resolutions and less pride in their narratives than noninstitutionalized children do. Children maltreatment revealed no effect on self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt.Conclusion
Maltreatment influences the way children use their emotional and social resources to deal with socio-moral conflicts. 相似文献9.
10.
B. Gatersleben T. Jackson J. Meadows E. Soto Y.L. Yan 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2018,68(3):131-139
Introduction
There are increasing concerns that people in modern societies spend too much of their leisure time on activities such as shopping and watching television and that this undermines human well-being and damages the environment.Objectives
This paper explores the relationships between materialism, environmental values and life satisfaction on the one hand, and different forms of leisure activities on the other. In particular, it addresses the differences between serious or intrinsically motivating leisure activities and casual or extrinsically motivating activities.Method
Three survey studies were conducted among 16 to 25-year olds in the UK (n = 338), Spain (n = 417) and China (n = 961).Results
Reading books was negatively related to materialism and positively to environmental values and behaviours. Playing sports was associated with higher well-being. Moreover, materialism was negatively associated with environmental values and behaviour. Life satisfaction was higher among those with stronger environmental values and weaker materialism.Conclusion
The findings suggest that sustainable lifestyles, characterised by higher well-being, higher environmental concern and behaviour and lower materialism can be found in each nation. Moreover, such lifestyles are associated with different kinds of leisure engagement. Examining the potentially positive role of reading books rather than being immersed in screen time deserves further attention. 相似文献11.
Introduction and objectives
Self-efficacy, personality and different affect states in entrepreneurs and managers are important factors for effectiveness and well-being. The aim of the study was to examine in young adults during entrepreneurship-related education, the relationships between venturesomeness and self-efficacy, and the mediating effects of positive affect and positive emotions (joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness) on these relationships.Method
One hundred and fifty-three participants (mean age 22 years) completed questionnaires that assessed venturesomeness, general self-efficacy, positive affect (measured as a state), and positive emotions. Bootstrapping analyses with simple and multiple mediators were conducted, controlled for gender, to estimate the indirect effects of positive affect and positive emotions on venturesomeness and general self-efficacy.Results
Venturesomeness was significantly correlated with self-efficacy. Positive affect (model 1), joviality and self-assurance, but not attentiveness (model 2), were complete mediators in the relationship between venturesomeness and self-efficacy.Conclusion
The present study provides new evidence that heightened venturesomeness is related to higher levels of positive affect, self-assurance and joviality. Venturesomeness, therefore, may strengthen self-efficacy in young people during entrepreneurship-related education, and positive emotions may lead to an aware use of resources, including self-efficacy. These results may stimulate young people to be brave and to try new experiences. 相似文献12.
C. Barreto Carvalho J. Cabral M. Sousa C. da Motta J. Benevides E. Peixoto 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2018,68(1):5-10
Introduction
Paranoid ideation has been consistently found as a phenomenon presented across the population continuum, and a theme that most people find in their everyday thoughts.Objective
To validate and study the psychometric properties of the Paranoia Checklist in a mixed (clinical and non-clinical) sample, in an extension of the study by Freeman et al. (2005).Method
Self-report questionnaire were completed by 392 individuals, with the aid of a psychologist when necessary.Results
The PC has shown to be a measure capable of distinguishing between clinical and non-clinical group of participants regarding the two dimensions of paranoid thoughts: frequency and conviction. Scores fitted an exponential curve, similar to the initial studies with the original version of the checklist.Conclusion
The assessment of paranoia has shown to be a continuum process common to clinical and non-clinical groups. The PC is a psychometrically sound measure to assess different paranoid thoughts on a multidimensional perspective and with sensitivity to distinguish groups of patients and healthy individuals, being suitable for use both in clinical and research settings. 相似文献13.
Introduction
Besides the intensity of depression, the main predictors of the outcome of a depressive episode are the comorbid disorders and certain personality traits.Objectives
Since previous research has focused on the study of these traits at the level of the Big Five Factors or domains, our aim was to examine whether the course of depression can be predicted more accurately by the facets than by the domains.Methods
We assessed 58 patients with depressive disorder using a battery of psychological tests, including the NEO Personality Inventory Revised and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). About one year later, 43 of these people completed the BDI-II again.Results
Improvement was associated with high scores on the Angry Hostility, Openness to Feelings and Orderliness facets and low scores on the Modesty facet. These facets specifically predicted between 44 and 48% of the criterion variance, compared to less than a quarter for the big factors. 相似文献14.
Introduction and objective
An experiment was conducted in a school context to examine whether joy and pride, two positive emotions, can promote children's acquisition of knowledge in a reading comprehension situation.Method
The experiment consisted of inducing either a positive emotion (i.e., joy, pride) or a neutral state to 10-year-old children using an autobiographical recall task. Once the induced state was evaluated, children were submitted to a reading/comprehension task of a neutral text. When they finished reading this text, a questionnaire was used to assess not only their memory of the information provided in the text, but also their ability to make inferences.Results
Our main results highlighted a positive effect of joy on children's inference making.Conclusion
This study confirmed the relevance of taking into account the emotional state of children engaged in knowledge acquisition situations at school. 相似文献15.
Introduction/aim
Computerized Cognitive Tests (CCT) play an increasing role in the assessment of elderly cognitive impairment. In this framework, it is important to review the psychometric data of the available CCT in the detection of cognitive decline.Method
To analyse psychometric properties of the CCT, the available data concerning reliability and validity indices were considered.Results
Only eleven CCT identified with elderly were retained to systematic review. 9 of 11 CCT present some results about their reliability properties; 8 of 11 CCT present results from concurrent validity; only 4 of 11 CCT present data concerning criterion validity; and just 4 of 11 CCT present some results regarding factor analysis.Conclusion
There are only a few papers published with well-structured psychometric data (reliability and validity). Some results have important limitations concerning to the adequacy of reliability and validity indices and some of these CCT psychometric properties were not studied yet. Considering these limitations, more research on the CCT is needed, including systematic studies of their psychometric properties, and Item Response Theory should be considered. 相似文献16.
17.
G. Orosz I. Tóth-Király B. Bőthe B. Paskuj M. Berkics M. Fülöp C. Roland-Lévy 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2018,68(2):89-97
Introduction
Previous research suggests a link between academic cheating and corruption. However, no prior empirical studies examined this link with cross-cultural data.Objective
The present study aims to fill this gap and it examines their link by considering cultural values such as in-group collectivism and economic background in terms of GDP per capita.Method
Self-reported data were collected regarding collaborative academic cheating. The database of Transparency International was used for assessing the level of perceived corruption, and the in-group collectivism data was derived from the GLOBE study. Structural equation modeling was used in order to identify their relationship pattern.Results
In the present study, using data from 40 countries, a strong relationship between self-reported academic cheating on exams and the country level of the corruption perception index was found. The present results also support evidence of a strong relationship between collaborative academic cheating and in-group collectivism in a sample comprising 30 countries. This link remains significant if GDP per capita, as an indicator of economic development, is controlled. However, path analysis showed that if both GDP per capita and in-group collectivism are considered, the link between corruption and cheating disappeared.Conclusion
These results suggest that GDP per capita as an economy-related background variable and in-group collectivism as a societal value have independent effect on collaborative cheating and perceived corruption and these broader background variables can diminish the strong link between collaborative cheating and perceived corruption. 相似文献18.
A. Junça-Silva A. Caetano R. Rueff Lopes 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2018,68(4-5):189-198
Introduction
Past research has highlighted the relevance of cognitive appraisals in the link events-emotions (e.g., appraisal of an event's importance and its pleasant or unpleasant valence). We hypothesized a 3-way interaction between affective events (hassles and uplifts), cognitive appraisals of importance and intrinsic pleasantness on emotional activation.Objective
In this study, we investigated predictors of emotional activation at workplace.Method
We collected qualitative and quantitative data from 87 employees on work-related daily events (n = 571), cognitive appraisals and emotional reactions.Results
Results showed that the cognitive appraisal of an event's importance moderated the relationship between uplifts and emotional activation: the positive relationship was stronger when uplifts were appraised as highly important. However, the intrinsic pleasantness did not moderate this relationship. Results supported the 3-way interaction hypothesized for daily hassles.Conclusion
The findings suggest that appraisals of an event's importance and intrinsic (un)pleasantness influence the link between daily events and emotional activation differently for hassles and uplifts. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice. 相似文献19.
P. Philippot V. Dethier C. Baeyens M. Bouvard 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2018,68(2):69-77
Introduction
Self-discrepancies (the distances between the perceived self and the ideal or the socially prescribed selves) are a hallmark in psychological distress. However, a clinical tool evaluating these discrepancies is lacking.Objective
To investigate the validity, the psychometric characteristics and the clinical relevance of the Self-Discrepancy Scale, an instrument designed to assess with multiple indices discrepancies between mental representations of the self: the actual self, on the one hand and ideal or socially-prescribed selves, on the other hand.Method
The Self-Discrepancy Scale has been administered to a large community sample, together with measures of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. It was also proposed to an additional clinical sample composed of clients with a diagnosis of mood or anxiety disorders seeking psychotherapeutic help.Results
A factor analysis evidenced three underlying dimensions to self-discrepancies: the size of the discrepancies, the resulting distress and the presence to unwanted traits. Test-retest consistency is in the acceptable range. Different profiles of self-discrepancies distinguished clinical groups suffering from different disorders.Conclusions
The data suggest that the Self-Discrepancy Scale is a valid measure of self-discrepancies and a valuable predictor of emotional vulnerability, especially with regards to abstract global judgments of discrepancies and of discrepancy induced distress. It is concluded that the Self-Discrepancy Scale offers a valuable help in clinical settings. 相似文献20.
B. Houbre M.-L. Costantini J. Pouchot C. Tarquinio L. Muller 《Revue Européene de Psychologie Appliquée》2018,68(1):35-43