升学——不要忘了对孩子进行适应性教育

适应是心理学中用来表示对环境变化做出的反映,如对光等物理刺激变化的适应和人的社会行为的变化适应等。J．皮亚杰认为,智慧的本质从生物学来说是一种适应。它既可以是一个过程,也可以是一种状态。由于人是社会的人,因此个体不仅要适应自然环境,更重要的是适应社会环境;由于人有意识,因此人不仅要适应外部环境、与外部世界取得平衡,而且要取得内部心理世界的平衡,实现良好的自我适应。     

大学生心理适应能力测量

心理适应能力,指的是一个人在心理上进行自我调节、自我平衡,以适应社会生活和社会环境的能力。人在生活、学习和工作中,常常要面对环境变迁、理想与现实不一致、目标受挫之类的事,这需要人主动调整自己、使自己的心理保持平衡。心理适应能力的高低,从某种意义上说,它代表着一个人的成熟程度,同时也是决定一个人心理健康水平的因素之一。为使心理保持健康,建议大学生对自己的心理适应能力进行必要的自我检测,     

和谐社会构建中的心理和谐问题探析

心理和谐是构建社会主义和谐社会的基础和实质,是和谐社会的题中应有之义。心理和谐是人的一种积极向上、健康的人生态度和生存状态,对内协调和对外适应是心理和谐的集中体现。心理和谐主要涉及自我和谐,人际和谐,人与自然和谐以及人与社会和谐四个层面,四个层面相互影响、相互制约。心理和谐是一个持续变化的动态过程,是一种相对的理想状态,心理和谐是心理健康的本质特征;主观幸福感是心理和谐的重要心理指标。     

心理弹性的心理社会及生物学机制

心理弹性是个体在经历急性压力、创伤或者更多不同形式的慢性压力时成功应对、积极适应的动态过程,对心理弹性机制的研究有心理社会及生物学两种研究取向.探索了心理弹性的个人、家庭、社会环境、神经生物、分子遗传学因素以及它们的作用机制过程,并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

人格特质对个体心理性应激反应的调节作用

心理性应激是个体的内稳态受到社会心理威胁时候的状态。面对急性心理性应激源, 有机体的各大机能系统, 包括神经内分泌系统、免疫系统以及自主神经系统等, 会出现一系列生物功能的改变。已有研究表明人格特质(如自尊、特质焦虑和大五人格)会影响个体在心理性应激情境中的反应差异且影响方式尚不统一, 并且不同文化环境下人格特质影响心理性应激反应的方式是不一样的, 然而这种结果的差异有可能是生物标记物的不一致造成的, 也有可能是心理性应激任务的不一致造成的, 不能直接进行比较。未来研究应该在控制这些无关变量的基础上, 从跨文化的角度去考察人格特质对个体心理性应激反应差异的影响。     

成人期个体心理理论的发展、研究范式与神经机制

成人心理理论的发展有助于个体顺利地进行社会互动,更好地适应社会。个体的心理理论能力会随着个体认知能力的发展以及大脑的发育而呈现出不断发展变化的趋势。研究者采取众多研究范式测量了成人心理理论。在进行心理理论加工时,青春期个体更多的激活了内侧前额叶皮层的后部,而青年期个体更多的激活了右颞上沟。根据研究结果,学者们构建了两成分认知模型、共享回路与中线结构整合模型以及心理理论多层次模型来解释成人心理理论能力。在进一步的研究中,成人心理理论的研究还应开发有效的研究范式来逐步揭示心理理论本身发展的特征、心理理论与外界因素如生活环境的关系以及解读互动心理的特征。     

保持心理平衡的十种方法

当今社会，人的一生就是适应社会的一生。而如今的社会，又是高效率、快节奏、充满竞争与挑战、“商场如战场”瞬息万变的社会。在这样的形势下，人类怎样保持心理平衡，使心理的和社会的都处于健康而良好的状态。就显得非常必要了。那么，该采取哪些措施呢?我们认为，以下十种措施，将会帮助你更好地保持心理的平衡，以适应变化万千的社会。     

浅析军人在利益实现中的不平衡心理

应该看到,在深化改革和发展社会主义市场经济的新形势下,军人在利益实现中的不平衡心理已成为弥散于军人群体中的一种最普遍的社会心理,如何调控这种社会心理已成为一个不可忽视的社会问题。本文探讨了军人不平衡心理产生的原因和机理,分析了这种心理对部队建设的危害,并提出了一定的调控措施。     

心理账户的非替代性及其运算规则

心理账户理论(Mental accounting Theory)由萨勒(Thaler)教授提出,他认为：小到个体、家庭,大到企业集团,都有或明确或潜在的心理账户系统。心理账户有两个最本质的特征：一是非替代性;二是具有不同于经济学的特定运算规则。本文分析了心理帐户非替代性的三种表现,从值函数,得与失的编码规则和参照点效应探讨了心理帐户的特定运算规则。这对解释人的非理性经济行为有重要价值。     

自主创新的心理实质

如果不局限于哲学反映论来认识心理的实质可以看到,心理是人在不断适应与促进环境和自身发展变化的过程中人脑对现实的主观反映与创新。人的心理表现为适应心理、反映心理和创新心理三者的相互作用与协调统一。创新心理的实质是人脑为适应现实的发展变化,以反映心理为基础而进行的新颖、独特的认知结构的重组与外化。自主创新本质上属于积极适应创新。     

The psychological physician: Semantics and survival

The calls for change in three areas of professional psychology are briefly reviewed, along with the reasons why such changes would be in the best interest of not only psychology but also the consumers of mental health services. Psychology's survival is linked to the implementation of these changes. It is argued that psychology must (1) standardize its education, training, and doctoral degree; (2) expand its scope of practice; and (3) become, legally and otherwise, psychological physicians, or risk being rolled-over by history. The importance of terminology and semantics is also discussed. Conclusions are drawn and discussed.The opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author and do not in any way represent the opinions of the Department of Defense or the United States Air Force.     

Reimbursement for professional psychological services

A brief history of the professionalization of psychology precedes a section of how psychological services became reimbursable. Specific focus is placed on reimbursement for psychological services, especially the distinction between medical and psychiatric diagnoses as well as procedures or services. Specific guidelines for appropriate reimbursement are provided. Future directions for reimbursement for mental health and related services are considered.     

The six dimensions of parenting and adolescent psychological adjustment: The mediating role of psychological needs

In accordance with the Self‐determination Theory (SDT), six dimensions of parenting (autonomy support vs. psychological control, structure vs. chaos, warmth vs. rejection) could be defined in their relation to adolescents’ adjustment. However, the mechanisms of these relations need to be further deepened. In accordance with SDT, the aims of this study were: (1) to examine the relationships between the six dimensions of parenting and the three psychological basic needs; (2) to examine the mediation role of basic psychological needs in the relation between parental practices, and positive and negative outcomes in a sample of Italian adolescents. In a sample of 342 adolescents, results suggest that supportive parenting practice (autonomy support, structure, and warmth) promotes need fulfillment and adjustment, while thwarting parenting practice (psychological control, chaos, and rejection) reduces need fulfillment and adjustment. Furthermore, the three psychological basic needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) mediate the relations between parenting and adolescents’ adjustment. These findings highlight the role of parenting in adolescents’ adjustment and in line with SDT provide evidence of the dynamic between parenting, psychological needs and adjustment.     

The enhancement of psychological wellness: Challenges and opportunities

Developed the concept of psychological wellness and made the case that proportionally more resources should be directed to the pursuit of this goal. Five pathways to wellness are considered, implicating aspects of individual development and the impact of contexts, settings, and policies. The five pathways are: forming wholesome early attachments; acquiring age- and ability-appropriate competencies; engineering settings that promote adaptive outcomes; fostering empowerment; and acquiring skills needed to cope effectively with life stressors. Although these noncompeting pathways have differential salience at different ages and for different groups and life conditions, each is an essential element in any comprehensive social plan to advance wellness. Examples of effective programs are cited in all five areas, including recent comprehensive, long-term programs embodying multiple pathways to wellness. Some ideas in this paper were first presented in a talk at the W. T. Grant Foundation-sponsored conference on “Risk, Resiliency and Development,” Kiawah Island, S. Carolina, May 30, 1992. The author gratefully acknowledges support from the Grant Foundation in writing this article.     

The psychological adjustment of young immigrants in Norway

In order to examine the adjustment of young immigrants to their new cultural environment, questionnaires were administered to young Third World immigrants living in Norway. Responses (N = 568) obtained from these children aged 10 through 17 years old, indicated that even though they evaluated their health and present life as satisfactory, a good deal of low self-image, depressive tendencies and psychological and somatic symptoms were present among them. Approximately between 11 and 14% of the children were found to have from high to extreme levels of symptomatology. Anti-social behaviors were on the other hand almost entirely absent among the sample, a situation believed to be an artifact of the measuring instrument used. While no differences were observed between boys and girls with respect to how they evaluated their health and present life, girls were found to report more disorders than boys. Boys on the other hand reported engaging in more anti-social behaviours than girls. Using Norwegians of similar age as a reference group, these children were found to be worse off than their native peers. The children's psychological disorders were found to be related to their mode of acculturation, and that integration may be the most adaptive mode of acculturation.     

军人心理素质的自我养成

军人心理素质的自我养成是打赢信息化战争的客观要求。健康的体魄、一定的文化程度、日益增强的自主意识、强烈的成长意愿,促使心理素质的自我养成成为可能。军人心理素质的自我养成,必须通过强化意识、提高自我养成能力、优化环境和拓宽渠道等途径实现。     

Influences of character-based coping style on psychological health

This study explores the moderating effects of early adult character style on correlations between social relationships in adolescence and midlife psychological health. Participants were drawn from the ongoing longitudinal studies at the Institute of Human Development. Individuals who beat the odds of an adverse environment and those who failed to capitalize on beneficial environments were identified and compared at age 30 on the California Psychological Inventory, the Meredith-Millsap Component Scores, and the Thematic Apperception Test. Social relatedness and personal independence were characteristics at age 30 of all subjects who went on to develop good psychological health by age 50. Social relatedness was more associated with overcoming a difficult environment, while self-assurance was more associated with capitalizing on a good one.