子宫肌瘤手术治疗中的伦理学要求

子宫肌瘤手术治疗工作的伦理学要求不同于一般的外科手术.本文通过子宫肌瘤手术前、中、后三个时期不同伦理要求进行分析,指出只要妇科手术医生以医务人员的职业医德规范严格要求自己,在不断学习专业技术的同时,加强自身对医学伦理学的学习,给予病人充分的理解、尊重和心理支持,一定会使每位子宫肌瘤病人的手术治疗过程符合医学伦理学要求.     

乳房手术治疗中的伦理要求

乳腺外科手术诊疗工作有着不同于一般手术的医学伦理要求。通过对乳房手术前、中、后三个时间段的不同伦理要求进行分析可见,只要乳腺外科医生能以医务人员的职业道德规范严格要求自己,在不断学习专业技术的同时,加强自身对医学伦理学的学习,给予患者充分的理解、尊重和心理支持,一定能使每位乳腺病患者的手术治疗全过程符合医学伦理要求。     

乳房手术治疗中的伦理要求

乳腺外科手术诊疗工作有着不同于一般手术的医学伦理要求.通过对乳房手术前、中、后三个时间段的不同伦理要求进行分析可见,只要乳腺外科医生能以医务人员的职业道德规范严格要求自己,在不断学习专业技术的同时,加强自身对医学伦理学的学习,给予患者充分的理解、尊重和心理支持,一定能使每位乳腺病患者的手术治疗全过程符合医学伦理要求.     

美国的医学伦理学一瞥

医学伦理学作为伦理学的一个分支,在美国学术界颇受重视,蒂洛的《伦理学:理论与实践》一书对此有专章论述。本文拟根据该书提供的线索,扼要介绍美国学者关于医学道德的主要观点(本文引语,均出自该书),以窥美国医学伦理学之研究概貌,以供国内研究医学道德时批判借鉴之用。(一)研究范围和一般原则蒂洛认为,医学道德实质上与这一问题有关,即如何确立和保持病员、病危者与健康人、医务人员之间的人命攸关的道德关系;以医学道德为研究对象的医学伦理学,不但要研究选择“治疗”手段的道德方式,而且要研究在交往关系中应如何“对待”病人。蒂洛具体列举了医学伦理学的研究所应包括的问题,对无可救药的垂死病人的治疗,停止治疗、听任病人死去(“听任死亡”),征得病人同意杀死病人(“仁慈赐死”),未得病人同意而杀死病人(“仁慈杀死”);对病人的行为控制,     

围手术期麻醉医师的伦理责任

随着医学模式的转变,麻醉医师应了解本专业特殊的伦理要求。本文通过对围手术期不同时间段的伦理要求进行分析,探讨了麻醉医师应遵守的医学伦理学职责,包括：术前查看病人,以最优化原则制定麻醉方案,坚持知情同意原则,杜绝术中知晓,执行保护性医疗制度,保证病人舒适自然的苏醒以及必要的心理抚慰与指导等。     

围手术期麻醉医师的伦理责任

随着医学模式的转变,麻醉医师应了解本专业特殊的伦理要求。本文通过对围手术期不同时间段的伦理要求进行分析,探讨了麻醉医师应遵守的医学伦理学职责,包括：术前查看病人,以最优化原则制定麻醉方案,坚持知情同意原则,杜绝术中知晓,执行保护性医疗制度,保证病人舒适自然的苏醒以及必要的心理抚慰与指导等。     

论医学伦理学在临床实践教育中的难题与出路

目前,高等医学院校的医学伦理学科组织建设和教育目标达不到临床实践要求,师资队伍建设情况不理想,课程建设没有充分结合临床实践及医疗热点,忽视临床实习阶段的医学伦理学习。医学院校必须明确医学伦理学的学科定位和教育目标;充实和优化师资队伍,重视教师的临床实践经验;改革传统的教学模式,提高临床伦理价值决策能力;拓展学习阶段和评价形式,加强临床实习阶段的管理和监督;在临床实践中检验医学伦理学教育成果。医学伦理学临床实践性教育是一个系统工程,形成共同育人机制才能切实提高医学伦理学教育质量。     

我所了解的英国医学伦理学教育

英国的医学伦理学教学强调病人的主体化和“去客体化”．关注病人权利,尤其是弱势群体的权益。融入法律等其他学科的内容,注重跨学科的教学与交流。这样一种教学理念是符合医学伦理学的人文属性。值得我们借鉴。     

临终关怀与安乐死的异同

临终关怀与安乐死的异同大连市口腔医院（１１６０１１）于昌英一、临终关怀与安乐死的概念及伦理观医学伦理学意义的临终关怀，是指对失去治疗价值的病人，用药物或其它方法提高生命质量，延长生命时间的过程。安乐死则通常指那些患有不治之症，非常痛苦，要求安适地迅速...     

广东省医学伦理研究中心成立

为适应医学伦理学教学、研究和广东省医学职业道德建设的需要，广东省医学伦理学研究中心于１９９９年５月２日上午正式召开成立大会，宣告挂牌。近些年来，广东省卫生厅、高教厅对医学伦理学十分重视，先后举办了１０期医学伦理骨干培训班，近２０００人参加了学习，医学...     

“Big eye” surgery: the ethics of medicalizing Asian features

The popularity of surgical modifications of race-typical features among Asian women has generated debates on the ethical implications of the practice. Focusing on blepharoplasty as a representative racial surgery, this article frames the ethical discussion by viewing Asian cosmetic surgery as an example of medicalization, which can be interpreted in two forms: treatment versus enhancement. In the treatment form, medicalization occurs by considering cosmetic surgery as remedy for pathologized Asian features; the pathologization usually occurs in reference to western features as the norm. In the enhancement form, medicalization occurs by using medical means to improve physical features to achieve a certain type of beauty or physical appearance. Each type of medicalization raises slightly different ethical concerns. The problem with treatment medicalization lies in the pathologization of Asian features, which is oppressive as it continues to reinforce racial norms of appearance and negative stereotypes. Enhancement medicalization is ethically problematic because cosmetic surgery tends to conflate beauty and health as medical goals of surgery, overemphasizing the value of appearance that can further displace women’s control over their own bodies. I conclude that in both forms of medicalization, cosmetic surgery seems to narrowly frame a complex psychosocial issue involving physical appearance as a matter that can be simply solved through surgical means.     

Ethical issues in cochlear implant surgery: an exploration into disease, disability, and the best interests of the child

This paper examines ethical issues related to medical practices with children and adults who are members of a linguistic and cultural minority known as the DEAF-WORLD. Members of that culture characteristically have hearing parents and are treated by hearing professionals whose values, particularly concerning language, speech, and hearing, are typically quite different from their own. That disparity has long fueled a debate on several ethical issues, most recently the merits of cochlear implant surgery for DEAF children. We explore whether that surgery would be ethical if implants could deliver close to normal hearing for most implanted children, thereby diminishing the ranks of the DEAF-WORLD. The ethical implications of eugenic practices with the DEAF are explored, as are ethical quandaries in parental surrogacy for DEAF children, and their parallels in transracial adoption.     

L’information et la gestion des risques dans le suivi de la grossesse lors du 1 trimestre : quelques réflexions sur le défi éthique et le cadre légal en Suisse

The progress in prenatal medicine raises complex questions with respect to the physician–patient relationship. The physician needs to reconcile medical aspects, ethical principles as well as judicial norms. Already, during the first trimester, the physician has to put into practice the schedule combining for each individual pregnancy physical, laboratory and other appropriate exams. Physicians are under the obligation to inform in a clear and comprehensive way without creating unnecessary anxiety for their patients. Legal requirements include informed consent, the respect for the patient's right to self-determination, and compliance with the Swiss federal law on genetic testing, especially with its articles on prenatal screening and diagnosis. This article discusses the complexity of obstetrical practice when it comes to delivering adequate information within the scope of ethical and legal requirements in Switzerland.     

高科技战争对人民军医道德心理的影响及对策初探

现代高科技战争呈现出的新模式和新特点引发了新的伦理问题,从而对参战医护人员的道德心理构建提出了更高要求。分析了高科技战争对我人民军医道德心理,即道德认知、道德情感、道德意志、道德行为等方面的主要影响,进而从医德心理学科角度提出了相应的优化策略。     

A study of the foundations of ethical decision making of clinical medical ethicists

A study of clinical medical ethicists was conducted to determine the various philosophical positions they hold with respect to ethical decision making in medicine and their various positions' relationship to the subjective-objective controversy in value theory. The study consisted of analyzing and interpreting data gathered from questionnaires from 52 clinical medical ethicists at 28 major health care centers in the United States. The study revealed that most clinical medical ethicists tend to be objectivists in value theory, i.e., believe that value judgments are knowledge claims capable of being true or false and therefore expressions of moral requirements and normative imperatives emanating from an external value structure or moral order in the world. In addition, the study revealed that most clinical medical ethicists are consistent in the philosophical foundations of their ethical decision making, i.e., in decision making regarding values they tend not to hold beliefs which are incompatible with other beliefs they hold about values.     

Living donation and cosmetic surgery: a double standard in medical ethics?

The commitment of transplant physicians to protect the physical and psychological health of potential donors is fundamental to the process of living donor organ transplantation. It is appropriate that strict regulations to govern an individual's decision to donate have been developed. Some may argue that adherence to such regulations creates a doctor-patient relationship that is rooted in paternalism, which is in drastic contrast with a doctor-patient relationship that is rooted in patients' autonomy, characteristic of most other operative interventions. In this article we analyze the similarities between cosmetic plastic surgery and living donor surgery as examples of surgeries governed by different ethical principles. It is interesting that, while the prevailing ethical approach in living donor surgery is based on paternalism, the ethical principle guiding cosmetic surgery is respect for patients' autonomy. The purpose of this article is not to criticize either practice, but to suggest that, given the similarities between the two procedures, both operative interventions should be guided by the same ethical principle: a respect for patients' autonomy. We further suggest that if living organ donation valued donors' autonomy as much as cosmetic plastic surgery does, we might witness a wider acceptance of and increase in living organ donation.     

Anesthesiological ethics: can informed consent be implied?

Surgical ethics is a well-recognized field in clinical ethics, distinct from medical ethics. It includes at least a dozen important issues common to surgery that do not exist in internal medicine simply because of the differences in their practices. But until now there has been a tendency to include ethical issues of anesthesiology as a part of surgical ethics. This may mask the importance of ethical issues in anesthesiology, and even help perpetuate an unfortunate view that surgeons are "captain of the ship" in the operating theater (leaving anesthesiologists in a subservient role). We will have a better ethical understanding if we see surgery and anesthesia as two equal partners, ethically as well as in terms of patient care. Informed consent is one such issue, but it is not limited to that. Even on the topic of what type of anesthesia to use, anesthesiologists have often felt subsumed to the surgeon's preferences. This commentary takes the case study and uses it as a exemplar for this very claim: it is time to give due recognition for a new field in clinical ethics, ethics in anesthesia.     

Legal and ethical issues in neuroimaging research: human subjects protection,medical privacy,and the public communication of research results

Humans subjects research entails significant legal and ethical obligations. Neuroimaging researchers must be familiar with the requirements of human subjects protection, including evolving standards for the protection of privacy and the disclosure of risk in "non-therapeutic" research. Techniques for creating veridical surface renderings from volumetric anatomical imaging data raise new privacy concerns, particularly under the federal medical privacy regulation. Additionally, neuroimaging researchers must consider their obligation to communicate research results responsibly. The emerging field of neuroethics should strive to raise awareness of these issues and to involve neuroimaging researchers in the legal, ethical, and policy debates that currently surround human subjects research.     

伦理生态视阈中的医学伦理精神诠释与建构

基于本体思维的"原子式探讨"不能实现医学伦理精神的现代建构。由本体伦理思维到伦理生态思维的道德哲学范式转换为探讨医学伦理精神提供了新的思维向度和价值资源。伦理生态视阈中的医学伦理精神是一个多维、多层次的张力系统,其建构在于:重建伦理主体的自身精神生态、"医学伦理—卫生经济"政策生态、医学伦理—社会文化生态。