机械通气的基本原理

机械通气是危重病人重要的支持手段,其重要目的是改善低氧血症、支持肺泡通气、降低呼吸功,并维持或增加肺容积.目前有多种呼吸模式,可根据患者情况选择.机械通气时,应认真评估气道压力、吸呼比、呼气末正压和吸入氧浓度对病人的影响.吸入氧浓度和平均气道压是决定氧合的关键因素,而肺泡通气量主要决定二氧化碳的排除.为防止呼吸机相关性的肺损伤,应将气道平台压维持在30cmH2O以下.     

呼吸机的撤离

呼吸机的脱机和撤离过程是一个重要的临床问题。呼吸机撤离是呼吸机由全部同期支持转为自主呼吸过程。在脱机过程中不必要的延迟会增加机械通气的复杂性,如肺炎或气道损伤,同时增加治疗的费用。撤机分为脱机和撤离人工气道,撤机参数对撤机后果预测的准确率不高,本文论述了对自主呼吸试验失败原因及实施自主呼吸方法以及完整呼吸机撤离过程。     

呼吸机的撤离

呼吸机的脱机和撤离过程是一个重要的临床问题.呼吸机撤离是呼吸机由全部同期支持转为自主呼吸过程.在脱机过程中不必要的延迟会增加机械通气的复杂性,如肺炎或气道损伤,同时增加治疗的费用.撤机分为脱机和撤离人工气道,撤机参数对撤机后果预测的准确率不高,本文论述了对自主呼吸试验失败原因及实施自主呼吸方法以及完整呼吸机撤离过程.     

ALI/ARDS患者糖皮质激素的治疗效果和时机

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)是临床各科经常遇到的急症,其发病机制主要是中性粒细胞向炎症部位的移动,释放出大量的炎性介质和细胞因子,引起肺泡毛细血管膜通透性增高,弥漫性肺损伤和蛋白性肺泡水肿液聚集等病理生理改变。临床表现为呼吸困难、呼吸窘迫、顽固的低氧血症,虽然使用机械通气和呼气末正压通气(PEEP)后,其病死率有所下降,但仍然维持在50%左右。就糖皮质激素的作用机制,对不同原因引起的ALI/ARDS治疗效果,使用时机作一综述,期望对ALI/ARDS治疗过程中糖皮质激素的使用予以规范。     

ALI/ARDS患者糖皮质激素的治疗效果和时机

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)是临床各科经常遇到的急症,其发病机制主要是中性粒细胞向炎症部位的移动,释放出大量的炎性介质和细胞因子,引起肺泡毛细血管膜通透性增高,弥漫性肺损伤和蛋白性肺泡水肿液聚集等病理生理改变.临床表现为呼吸困难、呼吸窘迫、顽固的低氧血症,虽然使用机械通气和呼气末正压通气(PEEP)后,其病死率有所下降,但仍然维持在50%左右.就糖皮质激素的作用机制,对不同原因引起的ALI/ARDS治疗效果,使用时机作一综述,期望对ALI/ARDS治疗过程中糖皮质激素的使用予以规范.     

急性有机磷农药中毒救治中的几个问题

解决急性有机磷农药中毒病死率居高不下的问题,必须提高救治中的辩证思维。正确理解标本兼治的含义,外周性、中枢性抗胆碱药物和复能剂联合应用,合理维持阿托品化,积极应用机械通气进行必要的呼吸支持治疗和适时行血液灌流治疗是救治有机磷农药中毒的有效保证。     

肺保护策略机械通气的再评价

通常认为急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)患者应用肺保护策略机械通气可降低病死率,主要由于潮气量的降低。对已发表的随机对照研究再次分析,发现平台压与患者病死率明显相关。平台压低于30cmH2O时,潮气量可以在一定范围内增加,不影响患者预后。但选择小潮气量可能对病人有害。随机对照研究在试验设计、统计学分析、病人同质性等方面依然存在很多问题。从现有资料看,潮气量和平台压都很重要。     

定压呼吸模式机械通气在新生儿腹腔镜麻醉中的应用

评价定压呼吸模式机械通气用于新生儿腹腔镜麻醉的安全性和有效性。31例新生儿腹腔镜手术,全麻下定压呼吸模式机械通气,术中于各时点取动脉血样并记录各数据。结果发现在气腹5min、10min、20min时HR、MAP、PaCO2和PET CO2均升高;在气腹20min和放气腹后10min时pH降低。定压呼吸模式机械通气能安全有效的应用于新生儿腹腔镜麻醉。     

急性有机磷农药中毒救治中的几个问题

解决急性有机磷农药中毒病死率居高不下的问题,必须提高救治中的辩证思维.正确理解标本兼治的含义,外周性、中枢性抗胆碱药物和复能剂联合应用,合理维持阿托品化,积极应用机械通气进行必要的呼吸支持治疗和适时行血液灌流治疗是救治有机磷农药中毒的有效保证.     

肺保护策略机械通气的再评价

通常认为急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)患者应用肺保护策略机械通气可降低病死率,主要由于潮气量的降低.对已发表的随机对照研究再次分析,发现平台压与患者病死率明显相关.平台压低于30cmH2O时,潮气量可以在一定范围内增加,不影响患者预后.但选择小潮气量可能对病人有害.随机对照研究在试验设计、统计学分析、病人同质性等方面依然存在很多问题.从现有资料看,潮气量和平台压都很重要.     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.