马克思列宁主义思想在共产主义建设中的作用

马克思列宁主义思想是我们党在领导共产主义建设方面的一切活动的基础。赫鲁晓夫同志在保加利亚共产党第七次代表大会上说过,马克思列宁主义学说乃是我们的罗盤,我们的指路明灯。马克思列宁主义的力量在于它与生活、与社会发展进程的密切联系。如果不对社会生活中的各种事件进行马克思列宁主义的分析,如果不揭示出这些事件中的规律,如果不在创造性地运用马克思     

回收、复制与事件的模态刚性

C.万斯认为,本质主义者对于事件的任何同一性界定,都可以借助"回收问题"加以诘难。这种诘难可以视作更普遍意义上的"复制论证"的一个子类。但我们至少有两种方式维系事件模态刚性的直觉:其一,我们可以在模态语境下将事件解释为构成事件的对象的图式,从而将事件的模态同一性问题转换为对象(事物)的模态同一性问题;其二,我们可以接受回收论证的结论,认为事件的同一性能够在可能世界间出现分岔,从而容许谈论事件在可能世界间的同一性。     

论医疗实践中的人文关怀

今天我们在说医疗实践中的人文关怀,不禁想起最近在广播和电视上频繁听到和看到的"北大医院事件"及南京儿童医院的"徐宝宝事件"之调查,这些事件被媒体炒的沸沸扬扬,网上评论众说纷纭.     

卢卡西维茨逻辑和菲尼蒂融贯性标准的近期发展

真值在最初的时侯只有一个。为了更好地把握“真”这个真值,才引入了真值“假”。在数学推理中,有这两个真值就足够了：因为处理数学句子只需使用一阶逻辑中的二值语义和证明论。然而当我们获得的信息不完全准确、有部分错误甚至被扭曲时,这两个经典的真值就不足以灵活地表达和处理我们的知识。我们将首先分析卢卡西维茨的无穷值逻辑在处理Rényi—Ulam问题时所起的作用。“二十问”游戏中的信息流遵守布尔逻辑的规则,相比起来,该游戏的Rényi—Ulam变异所产生的回答却可能是错误的,对同一个问题重复提问得到的两个相同的回答所产生的信息,要多于仅仅只回答一次时得到的信息：幂等律A＆A=A不再成立。这个游戏中的回答遵守卢卡西维茨的无穷值逻辑。这一逻辑在处理连续事件的融贯概率估计方面具有普遍的意义,它能够推广处理yes—no事件（即在任一可能世界中,要么发生要么不发生的那些事件）的菲尼蒂概率理论。假定事件集E={X1…,Xn}等于某布尔代数F上的一组元素,菲尼蒂证明了,定义在E上的映射p是“融贯的”当且仅当它可以延拓到F的概率测度上。p的融贯性意味着,如果一个赌徒A把概率度p（Xi）分配给每个事件Xi,他的对手B不可能迫使他下注,使得B确保在每个可能世界中都赌赢。菲尼蒂利用他提出的融贯性标准,得出了概率论的柯尔莫哥洛夫公理。使用卢卡西维茨逻辑,我们把菲尼蒂理论推广到测度值为实数区间[0,1]的那些事件上。只要经过恰当的规范化,这类事件的例子就是大量地、或显或隐地存在于我们日常生活的打赌之中。     

汉语致使句的语义推衍:以“使”字句和“把”字句为例

"使"字句和"把"字句是现代汉语表示致使语义的两个重要句式,二者具有一定的转换关系但又有不同。本文在形式化的事件语义理论框架下,对表示致使义的"使"字句和"把"字句进行了细致的事件结构分析及语义推衍。我们发现,表示致使义的"使"字句和"把"字句,不论句法上表现为单句、从单句向复句转化过程的中间阶段句式,还是复句,在语义上都呈现复合事件结构,其中"使"字句是两个子事件的合取,"把"字句则包含合取加嵌套的复杂事件结构。通过对比两类句式的事件语义结构我们还发现,有可能形成替换关系的是事件致使类的"使"字句和"把"字句,以及个体致使关系类"使"字句与客体指向"把"字句,且第二个原子事件表示完成。二者所表示的语义亦存在细微差异,前者的致事表原因,而后者的致事表外力。     

神学浅仪（三）

一、经验当我们对日常生活中所发生的某些事件和经验 (experiences)进行反省时,我们就是在进行一件有意义的事。换句话说,我们是在寻求一种意义,一种表象之外的深刻含义。对生活中所发生的某些事件进行反省,这不同于一般所说的做白日梦。寻求生活中某些事件的意义,     

事件或突然发生的现象

"事件"是马里翁饱溢现象学所说的五种饱溢现象中的第一种。事件是自身给出者。作为饱溢现象,事件并不是现象的一个特例。毋宁说正相反:一切现象本质上原本都具有事件性特征,只是后来这种事件性特征逐渐模糊、减弱、消失,以至于现象只向我们显现为对象。与现象原本是自身给出的事件相应,自我在马里翁饱溢现象学中也不再是构造现象的作者,而是被还原为接受现象的舞台和受予者。     

上大学前、后生活事件与大学生心理健康的关系研究

本研究分析了大学生的心理健康特点以及生活事件对其的影响,结果表明：（1）SCL-90量表得分在心理健康的总体状况、焦虑、敌对、精神病性上存在年级与经济收入的交互作用,月均经济来源在200元以下的大学生,随着年级的升高,心理症状愈加严重;（2）影响大学生心理健康的生活事件均为负性生活事件,生活事件能解释大学生的心理健康总体水平变异量的30．1％;（3）上大学前后的生活事件在性质上的差异具有个体发展的阶段特点;（4）上大学后的生活事件对大学生的心理健康总体水平的影响约占27．4％,上大学前的生活事件的影响约占2．6％。     

个体的边界:从毕福剑事件看当今时代的道德转型及其困境

如何从社会学角度解读毕福剑事件?本文结合中国社会独特的个体化路径,围绕舆论关于毕福剑事件的争论,诊断我们时代道德生活的转变及其面临的困境。本文认为,我们时代面临从群体性道德向以权利为核心的现代社会道德的转型,而领域的分隔、身份的分隔阻碍着现代社会道德的形成。只有在制度上为个体自由设定合理的边界,才有望打破领域和身份的分隔,在平等、尊重和沟通理性的基础上重建道德秩序。     

道德判断的整合和分离效应:ERP的证据

该研究采用双选择oddball范式,探索不同类型的道德违反事件的时程加工特点。结果发现,不同类型道德违反事件在P2成分上未出现明显差异。在N2成分上,所有道德违反事件和中性事件差异显著,且涉及性的道德违反的波幅大于涉及身体伤害和诚信的道德违反事件。在P300和晚期正成分上,只有涉及性的道德违反事件和中性事件出现差异。结果表明,不同领域的道德违反事件在早期阶段可能存有共同的加工机制,而在后期的加工阶段中开始出现分离趋势。     

Later life health optimism,pessimism and realism: Psychosocial contributors and health correlates

Prior research has established positive outcomes of health optimism (appraising one's health as good despite poor objective health (OH)) and negative outcomes of health pessimism (appraising health as poor despite good OH), yet little is known about their contributors. We examined the role of psychosocial factors (life event stress, depression, dispositional optimism, perceived social support) in health realism (appraising health in accordance with OH), optimism and pessimism among 489 older men and women. We then accounted for the psychosocial factors when examining multiple health correlates of health realism, optimism and pessimism. Controlling for age, gender and income, regression results indicate that depression and social support were associated with less health optimism, while dispositional optimism was associated with greater health optimism among those in poor OH. Dispositional optimism was associated with less health pessimism and life event stress was associated with greater pessimism among those in good OH. Beyond the effects of the psychosocial factors, structural equation model results indicate that health optimism was positively associated with healthy behaviours and perceived control over one's health; health pessimism was associated with poorer perceived health care management. Health optimism and pessimism have different psychosocial contributors and health correlates, validating the health congruence approach to later life well-being, health and survival.     

Correlates of subjective health in older adults: a meta-analysis

Age-associated changes of subjective health and associations of subjective health with physical health, functional health, and mental health were meta-analyzed in older adults (M age > 60 years). An age-associated decline of subjective health, which was stronger in old-old samples than in young-old samples, was found. Subjective health was correlated with the indicators of objective health, but the association with physical health was stronger than with functional health. Correlations of subjective health with physical health and functional health were lower in the old-old than in the young-old samples, whereas associations of subjective health with mental health were stronger in older samples. Furthermore, the size of the association between subjective and objective health varied by the method of assessment of objective health, showing highest associations with symptom checklists and results of medical examinations due to strict protocols.     

Later life health optimism, pessimism and realism: psychosocial contributors and health correlates

Prior research has established positive outcomes of health optimism (appraising one's health as good despite poor objective health (OH)) and negative outcomes of health pessimism (appraising health as poor despite good OH), yet little is known about their contributors. We examined the role of psychosocial factors (life event stress, depression, dispositional optimism, perceived social support) in health realism (appraising health in accordance with OH), optimism and pessimism among 489 older men and women. We then accounted for the psychosocial factors when examining multiple health correlates of health realism, optimism and pessimism. Controlling for age, gender and income, regression results indicate that depression and social support were associated with less health optimism, while dispositional optimism was associated with greater health optimism among those in poor OH. Dispositional optimism was associated with less health pessimism and life event stress was associated with greater pessimism among those in good OH. Beyond the effects of the psychosocial factors, structural equation model results indicate that health optimism was positively associated with healthy behaviours and perceived control over one's health; health pessimism was associated with poorer perceived health care management. Health optimism and pessimism have different psychosocial contributors and health correlates, validating the health congruence approach to later life well-being, health and survival.     

Health Promotion in International Documents: Strengths and Weaknesses from the Perspective of Community Empowerment

Informed by a community psychology perspective, which takes an integrated and systemic, or holistic view of health and health promotion, this study presents quali‐quantitative analysis of health documents, produced by the World Health Organization (WHO) over the last 30 years. Textual analysis facilitated the identification of the typical specificities of international WHO health promotion documents, highlighting the lexical contexts of health promotion, particularly in relation to responsibilities for health and the concept of community health. Further, this textual analysis demonstrated how these understandings of health and health promotion have evolved over the last 30 years. Drawing on theory from within the field of community psychology, the changes proposed throughout international WHO documentation in conceptualizations of health and health promotion and in defining strategies to achieve the stated goals of health promotion are discussed critically. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Betrayal Trauma,Health Care Relationships,and Health in Patients with a Chronic Neurovascular Condition

Individuals who have been exposed to trauma are at a greater risk of developing a chronic physical health condition and use health services more frequently than individuals who have not experienced trauma. The mechanism by which trauma affects health is not fully understood, but relationships with health care providers could be important in understanding this association. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among betrayal trauma, health care relationships, and physical and mental health in a chronic medical population. Participants (N = 272) diagnosed with a chronic neurovascular condition (cavernous malformation) completed an online survey. Questionnaires assessed self-rated health, instances of betrayal trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms, income, and other demographic factors, and health care relationships. Level of income and the experience of betrayal trauma predicted mental health symptoms (depression, PTSD, or both) and also predicted health care relationships. After controlling for income and previous trauma, mental health symptoms significantly predicted health care relationships. Finally, mental health symptoms, health care relationships, and income predicted self-rated health, although the associations were not straightforward. These results suggest complex interrelations among trauma, mental health, income, health care relationships, and physical health, and a model is proposed for explaining these associations.     

The role of health anxiety in online health information search

This article is one of the first to empirically explore the relationship between health anxiety and online health information search. Two studies investigate how health anxiety influences the use of the Internet for health information and how health anxious individuals respond to online health information. An exploratory survey study with 104 Dutch participants indicates that health anxiety is related to an increase in online health information search. Moreover, results suggest that health anxious individuals experience more negative consequences from online health information search. Findings from an experimental study (n=120) indicate that online health information results in greater worries among health anxious individuals compared to nonhealth anxious individuals only if the information stems from a trustworthy governmental Web site. Information from a less trustworthy online forum does not lead to greater worries among health anxious individuals. In sum, the Internet appears to play a pivotal role in the lives of health anxious individuals.     

Health behavior, knowledge and attitudes among Swedish university students

A range of health behaviors was related to beliefs concerning health practices and health knowledge. A questionnaire dealing with health-related practices, health beliefs and knowledge of health risk factors was answered by 166 male and 179 female students aged 18–30 years at Stockholm University. Female students reported engaging in better health behavior than males. Beliefs about the importance of health behaviors were closely related to their frequency of occurrence. There was only a weak relationship between health behaviors and knowledge of specific health matters. It is concluded that health attitudes rather than health knowledge determine health behavior.     

U.S. mental health policy. Doomed to fail.

Changes in the de facto system of mental health care in the last decade reflect organizational and entrepreneurial responsiveness to changes in health policy, not mental health policy. Various other actions described here reduced statutory or institutional leadership roles in mental health and increased the pace at which mental health policy was becoming dependent on health policy. In turn, U.S. health policy in the 20th century has been inherently flawed. The short-term general hospital--the "doctors' workshop"--emphasizing acute care and surgery, has been the cornerstone of U.S. health policy throughout the 20th century. The mimicry of health services by mental health leads to demonstrably more expensive and less effective mental health care and dooms mental health policy to failure.     

高师生心理健康教育实验研究

本文采用自然教学实验的研究方法,探讨心理健康教育对高师生健康信念、健康行为和健康水平的影响,以高师９５级大学三年级学生１２６个为实验组,进行５４个课时的心理健康课程教学,并以同校同级学生１０９个对照组。采用健康信念和健康行为调查表和Ｃａｗｔｅ健康量表,对实验组和控制组被试进行调查和测试。结果表明,心理健康教育不仅明显改善了高师生的健康信念和健康行为,而且提高了他们的身心健康水平。     

Self-Discrepancy and Mental Health in Older Women with Chronic Illnesses

Self-discrepancy was investigated as a self-enhancing mechanism by which older women maintain their mental health and psychological well-being while coping with declines in physical health. In this 6-year longitudinal study, the mediating and moderating effects of self-discrepancy on mental health outcomes in older women with chronic health problems were tested. Participants were 103 community-dwelling older women who completed multiple, self-report measures of physical and mental health and self-discrepancy. There was a decline in physical health over time but an improvement in self-discrepancies. Low self-discrepancy (i.e., little discrepancy between the actual and ideal self) mediated and moderated the effects of physical health decline on mental health and psychological well-being. Thus, self-discrepancy appears to play a significant role in maintaining mental health in the face of declining physical health in older women.