胃肠道双重造影对胃肠道病变诊断的临床思维方法

从方法学原理的角度,通过对胃肠道双重造影征象分析和综合的辩证思维,经过整体和局部相结合,从一般到特殊,由现象到本质,全面客观,纵横联系的认识过程,探讨和研究胃肠道双重造影对胃肠道疾病诊断的科学思维方法,提高、改进影像科医生的临床思维,对提高医疗水平有着重大的意义.     

胃肠道干细胞

胃肠道是人体内各系统细胞更新频率最高的器官,其干细胞的增生分化也很旺盛。尽管胃肠道干细胞本身未分化成熟,其细胞表型无法确认而不利于鉴别,但随着一些干细胞标志物的发现及对细胞信号传导通路的不断了解,我们对胃肠道干细胞的调控机制的认识正在不断加深。胃肠道干细胞的基本特征:(1)胃肠道干细胞的数量、定位和组织起源;(2)胃肠道干细胞的主要功能,包括分化转化成胃肠道各成熟的细胞系及维持组织的动态平衡和稳定;(3)从其他组织的干细胞获得胃肠组织细胞系用以胃肠道疾病的治疗;(4)胃肠道组织癌变的基因变化及形态学观察。     

ICU中机械通气患者胃肠道功能障碍与预后的关系

为了探讨重症加强治疗病房机械通气患者胃肠道功能障碍与预后的关系,回顾性分析了我院中心ICU收治的68例非胃肠道疾病且行有创机械通气治疗超过48h患者的临床资料,并将患者分为胃肠道功能障碍组和非胃肠道功能障碍组,用统计软件分析发生胃肠道功能障碍的相关临床因素及发生胃肠道功能障碍后对病死率的影响.结果显示,统计分析显示胃肠道功能障碍组和非胃肠道功能障碍组在机械通气天数、APACHE Ⅱ评分、MODS的发生率、病死率间存在明显差异.因此,对危重病患者应重视其胃肠道功能障碍的防治.     

ICU中机械通气患者胃肠道功能障碍与预后的关系

为了探讨重症加强治疗病房机械通气患者胃肠道功能障碍与预后的关系,回顾性分析了我院中心ICU收治的68例非胃肠道疾病且行有创机械通气治疗超过48h患者的临床资料,并将患者分为胃肠道功能障碍组和非胃肠道功能障碍组,用统计软件分析发生胃肠道功能障碍的相关临床因素及发生胃肠道功能障碍后对病死率的影响。结果显示,统计分析显示胃肠道功能障碍组和非胃肠道功能障碍组在机械通气天数、APACHEⅡ评分、MODS的发生率、病死率间存在明显差异。因此,对危重病患者应重视其胃肠道功能障碍的防治。     

胃肠调节类中西药对胃肠道平滑肌的双向调节作用

在不同条件下,单味、复方中药对胃肠道平滑肌可产生双向调节作用.其可能机理为多层次网络系统的平衡调节等.从整体、离体器官、分子水平,单一、配对西药也对胃肠道平滑肌产生双向调节作用.这种双向调节作用充分体现网络系统平衡调节的整体性的哲学内涵,遵循对立统一规律辩证哲学观.     

胃肠调节类中西药对胃肠道平滑肌的双向调节作用

在不同条件下，单味、复方中药对胃肠道平滑肌可产生双向调节作用。其可能机理为多层次网络系统的平衡调节等。从整体、离体器官、分子水平，单一、配对西药也对胃肠道平滑肌产生双向调节作用。这种双向调节作用充分体现网络系统平衡调节的整体性的哲学内涵，遵循对立统一规律辩证哲学观。     

螺旋CT小肠造影及传统气钡双重对比造影检查在诊断小肠肿瘤性疾病中的价值比较

为了探讨螺旋CT小肠造影（CT enterograph,CTEG）及传统气钡双重对比造影检查在诊断小肠肿瘤性疾病中的价值。回顾性分析小肠肿瘤50例,患者先后行CTEG及传统气钡双重对比造影检查,所得图像由3位放射科医师进行评价。结果显示,50例小肠肿瘤性病变CTEG检查敏感性94％,准确性90％。传统气钡双重对比造影检查敏感性100％,准确性86％。两种方法相结合准确性98％。CTEG及传统气钡双重对比造影检查结合应用可作为小肠肿瘤诊断和评估治疗的必要的检查方法。     

理解韦尔施的"审美思维"

韦尔施的"审美思维"试图表明这样一种双重观点:最初,审美思维是认识论的基础,因为知识在基本的和构成的基础上都是由于"审美思维"在"作祟",从康德到晚近的自然科学以及分析哲学,我们能够找到这一观点的理论源头;其次,我们要采取思考的形式来考察当今的生存方式,即日益生活化和普遍化的审美化过程,这里,审美思维单单只是一种分析式的思维,而审美则变成了思维的对象.     

RegⅣ和HIP在胃肠道腺癌中的表达及临床意义

研究再生基因4(RegⅣ)和肝细胞癌-肠-胰腺中表达的基因(HIP)在胃肠道腺癌中的表达及其临床意义。构建微阵列组织芯片,应用免疫组织化学技术检测胃肠道腺癌及其相应的癌旁组织中RegⅣ和HIP的表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,RegⅣ的表达显著下降,HIP的表达明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。RegⅣ与HIP在胃肠道腺癌组织中的表达呈负相关,且与患者组织学分级均不相关。提示RegⅣ、HIP在胃肠道腺癌中表达具有一定关联性,可能为胃肠道腺癌治疗靶点提供重要依据。     

胃肠道手术术后并发韦尼克脑病临床分析

探讨胃肠道手术术后并发韦尼克（Wernicke）脑病的临床特点、患病机制及诊断和治疗方法。回顾性分析我院2006年~2010年胃肠道手术术后并发Wernieke脑病的临床资料。结果5例经补充维生素B1症状迅速消失,1例因获得诊断较迟,共济失调改善效果差,1例死亡。因此,Wernicke脑病临床表现极不典型,对于禁食时间...     

胃癌患者影像检查技术的合理选择

随着X线钡餐造影、计算机断层扫描、磁共振成像、超声检查及正电子发射体层摄影等技术的不断发展,各种影像检查方法在胃癌的诊断、术前分期及术后评价等方面被广泛应用,但各种检查技术都有各自的优缺点,我们应该根据胃癌患者的实际情况为其选择正确合理的影像检查技术。     

Exploring the Effect of Perceived Teacher Support on Multiple Creativity Tasks: Based on the Expectancy–Value Model of Achievement Motivation

The present study explores the effect of perceived teacher support on three forms of thinking related to creativity. Tests of convergent thinking (by means of the Remote Associates Test), insight thinking (explored through a brain‐teaser test), and divergent thinking (by means of a verbal creativity test) were given to 512 middle school students in China, along with assessments of their perceived teacher support and creative self‐efficacy. The results of this study indicate that perceived teacher support positively predicts convergent thinking and insight thinking, with creative self‐efficacy playing a partial mediating role between perceived teacher support and convergent thinking. However, no significant relationships were found between perceived teacher support and divergent thinking. The findings partly lend support to the expectancy–value model of achievement motivation that teacher’s behavior influences student performance through self‐belief pathway.     

分析思维对冲动购买意向影响的研究

采用三个研究探讨分析思维对冲动购买意向的影响。研究1以146名大学生为被试,采用分析思维任务和冲动购买意向问卷,考察分析思维与冲动购买意向的关系;研究2招募了65名大学生被试,研究3招募了62名大学生被试,分别通过视觉启动和组词任务启动两个范式探讨启动分析思维对冲动购买意向的影响。结果发现,分析思维与冲动购买意向显著负相关,无论是视觉还是组词启动分析思维都能减少冲动购买意向。     

Procurement time as a determinant of meal frequency and meal duration.

Foraging involves the expenditure of both time and effort in the acquisition of food; animals typically modify their meal patterns so as to reduce these expenditures or costs. The contribution of time, as compared with effort, to the overall cost perceived by an animal is not known. We investigated the effect of foraging time as a cost independent of effort by measuring the meal patterns of rats living in a laboratory foraging simulation in which they earned all their daily intake. They pressed a bar once to initiate an interval (procurement interval) leading to the presentation of a large cup of food from which they could eat a meal of any size. As the length of the interval increased from 1 s to 46 hr, meal frequency decreased regularly. Meal size increased in a compensatory fashion, and total daily intake was conserved through an interval of 23 hr. The changes in meal frequency occurred because of changes in the rat's latency to bar press after each meal. The functions relating meal frequency and size to the procurement interval were of the same shape as those seen when cost is the completion of a bar-press requirement, which entails the expenditure of both effort and time. When the bar-press requirement was increased to 10, meal frequency was reduced, but time and effort did not appear to simply add together in the rat's perception of cost. These data reveal that time is preceived to be a cost by rats foraging in this laboratory environment. These results suggest that the time parameters of foraging are different from those of consumption.     

创造性认知风格、创造性人格与创造性思维的关系

对315名初中生施测Kirton适应–创新认知风格问卷、Williams创造性倾向量表和Torrance创造性思维测验任务,以考察创造性认知风格、创造性人格与创造性思维之间的关系。相关分析表明,在创造性认知风格中,效率性、规则性均与创造性思维呈显著负相关;在创造性人格中,冒险性、好奇心及挑战性均与创造性思维显著正相关。回归分析进一步表明,在创造性认知风格中,创新性、效率性分别正向、负向预测创造性思维,在创造性人格中,好奇心正向预测创造性思维;对回归系数的逐步检验发现,创新性维度通过创造性人格而对创造性思维具有间接的积极影响。结构方程模型结果则显示,创新性维度、规则性维度以创造性人格为中介分别对创造性思维发生间接的积极、消极影响。可见,创新认知风格有利于创造性思维,而适应认知风格不利于创造性思维;创造性人格有利于创造性思维;创造性人格在创造性认知风格与创造性思维之间具有一定的中介作用,创新性认知风格通过创造性人格而促进创造性思维,规则性认知风格通过创造性人格而抑制创造性思维。     

In Praise of Convergent Thinking

ABSTRACT: Free production of variability through unfettered divergent thinking holds out the seductive promise of effortless creativity but runs the risk of generating only quasicreativity or pseudocreativity if it is not adapted to reality. Therefore, creative thinking seems to involve 2 components: generation of novelty (via divergent thinking) and evaluation of the novelty (via convergent thinking). In the area of convergent thinking, knowledge is of particular importance: It is a source of ideas, suggests pathways to solutions, and provides criteria of effectiveness and novelty. The way in which the 2 kinds of thinking work together can be understood in terms of thinking styles or of phases in the generation of creative products. In practical situations, divergent thinking without convergent thinking can cause a variety of problems including reckless change. Nonetheless, care must be exercised by those who sing the praises of convergent thinking: Both too little and too much is bad for creativity.     

The Effects of Zhongyong Thinking Priming on Creative Problem‐Solving

Zhongyong thinking is a common approach adopted by Chinese people to solve problems encountered in life and work. Based on the four modes of zhongyong thinking proposed by Pang (Social Sciences in China, 1, 1980, 75), this study chooses the “neither A nor B” form, which represents the “mean” (中) characteristics of zhongyong thinking, called eclectic thinking, and the “both A and B” form, which reflects the “harmony” (和) feature, called integrated thinking. This study primed eclectic thinking and integrated thinking, respectively, through self‐compiled problem situations, and 150 college students and postgraduates students were the participants. Experiment 1 explored the role of the priming of zhongyong thinking in three classic creative thinking tasks: a divergent thinking test, remote association test, and insight problem‐solving test. Experiment 2 further examined the effect of priming of zhongyong thinking on “market investment problems” with higher ecological validity. The findings show that priming integrated thinking can improve remote associates test performance and promote creative solutions to market investment problems, but there is no significant impact on the scores of divergent thinking test and insight problem‐solving; priming eclectic thinking has no significant impact on any of the subsequent creative tasks. This study shows that integrated thinking primes cognitive processing related to information association and information integration, promoting subsequent creative tasks.     

中学生创造性思维能力自评测验的编制

创造性思维有多种构成,其能力表现也有多种,即创造性思维能力是多维结构的.常用的最佳表现测验形式,无法良好测量其多维结构.一些研究者认为创造性思维能力是个体内在稳定的智力品质,并尝试使用典型表现测验来测量.本研究沿用此思路,尝试开发一套中学生创造性思维能力自评测验,即测查个体在日常生活中是否具有一些典型的习惯或行为方式.采用理论的探讨与实证分析相结合的方法,取得如下结果:(1)确定创造性思维能力的10维测评结构;(2)经过两轮测试检验,形成正式测验,信效度良好.     

Stimulating Creativity: Modulation of Convergent and Divergent Thinking by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Creativity has been conceptualized as involving 2 distinct components; divergent thinking, the search for multiple solutions to a single problem, and convergent thinking, the quest for a single solution either through an analytical process or the experience of insight. Studies have demonstrated that these abilities can be improved by cognitive stimulation, mood, and meditation. This investigation examined whether convergent and divergent thinking can be enhanced by noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). In different sessions, participants received bilateral stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex—DLPFC (Experiment1) and over the posterior parietal cortex–PPC (Experiment2), while performing the Compound Remote Associative task (CRA) assessing convergent thinking and the Alternative Uses Task (AUT) assessing divergent thinking. In Experiment1, anodal-left cathodal-right stimulation over the DLPFC significantly enhanced CRA performance. In Experiment2, stimulations over the PPC significantly increased insight solutions and decreased analytical solutions compared to the no stimulation condition. These findings provide direct evidence for the role of the left DLPFC in convergent and divergent thinking and a mediating role of the PPC in problem-solving behavior, presumably through attentional processes. From a methodological perspective, brain stimulation can be used as a tool to modulate and to explore components of creativity.     

An exploratory investigation of divergent thinking through protocol analysis

Verbal protocols were recorded while 21 MBA students at India's leading management school sought to solve a complex divergent thinking task. The content analysis of these protocols yielded five major categories and 23 subcategories of divergent thinking. The five major categories were problem structuring, searching, feeling, ideating, and evaluating. Ideating turned out to be the most commonly utilized category. The resort to ideating, that is, articulating solutions, was negatively correlated with feeling and problem structuring and positively correlated with evaluating. There were marked differences in the way the subjects tackled the divergent thinking task. Three cognitive styles were uncovered through cluster analysis: the intuitive ideator style, the anxious analyst style, and the random scanner style. Transitions among categories were examined, and yielded several recursive divergent thinking paths. Contrary to several extant models of creative problem solving, there was no marked evidence for sequentiality among the categories of divergent thinking. Most solutions to the divergent thinking problem were of the “objective”; type, that is, they actually existed in nature. A minority were “creative,”; that is, synthesized through an act of imagination. There was relatively greater tendency for objective solutions to be preceded by the use of searching, evaluating, and analytical mechanisms, and relatively greater tendency for creative solutions to be preceded by ideating (especially listing and elaboration), feeling, and redefinition mechanisms. Implications of the findings for models of divergent thinking are discussed.