求同还是立异？无聊个体的独特性偏好

为探究无聊个体的独特性偏好，研究1初步检验了无聊倾向、意义寻求动机、独特性选择的相关关系，研究2操纵状态无聊并检验其对意义寻求动机和独特性需求的影响。结果一致表明，无聊显著正向预测独特性选择和需求，意义寻求动机起中介作用。本研究揭示了无聊与独特性偏好的关系及其内在机制，拓展了无聊领域的理论和研究方向。     

睡眠不足对中小学生负性情绪的影响：一个链式中介模型

睡眠不足已然成为当代中小学生普遍面临的问题。为考察社会支持与情绪调节自我效能感在睡眠不足与中小学生负性情绪关系间的中介作用,研究采用睡眠不足问卷、抑郁-焦虑-压力量表简体中文版、社会支持评定量表和情绪调节自我效能感量表,以整群抽样法抽取江苏、安徽1103名中小学生进行调查。结果发现：(1)睡眠不足显著正向预测中小学生负性情绪;(2)社会支持与管理消极情绪自我效能感在睡眠不足与中小学生负性情绪间发挥单独中介作用;表达积极情绪自我效能感的中介作用不显著;(3)社会支持与管理消极情绪自我效能感在睡眠不足与中小学生负性情绪间发挥链式中介作用。可见,睡眠不足对中小学生负性情绪有显著预测作用,社会支持、管理消极情绪自我效能感在其中具有单独及链式中介效应。     

校园氛围和负性情绪对青少年自杀意念的影响：一项交叉滞后研究

本研究综合考虑了阶段-环境匹配理论、自杀逃避理论以及自杀的人际关系理论,通过追踪调查的方式,探讨校园氛围和负性情绪对青少年自杀意念的影响。采用青少年感知校园氛围问卷、正性负性情绪量表以及自杀意念问卷,对271名中学生进行了为期一年、共三次的追踪调查。结果表明：（1）校园氛围、负性情绪和青少年自杀意念都表现出较高程度的稳定性;（2）校园氛围和负性情绪分别可以延时预测负性情绪和青少年自杀意念;（3）负性情绪对校园氛围和青少年自杀意念的关系存在完全跨时中介作用。     

感知社会敌意对大学生攻击性的影响:负性情绪体验的作用

以往研究发现,挑衅、排斥、激惹等相对"激烈"的敌意情境会直接导致攻击行为,但鲜有研究探讨社会敌意这一相对"温和"的敌意情境对攻击行为的影响。本研究考察感知社会敌意对大学生攻击性的影响,并探讨负性情绪体验在其中的作用。实验1采用辣酱实验范式测量外显攻击,实验2采用内隐联想攻击测验测量内隐攻击,用中文版正性和负性情绪量表(PANAS)测量情绪。研究发现,感知社会敌意明显增加了大学生的负性情绪体验和攻击行为。负性情绪体验在感知社会敌意与大学生外显攻击间起部分中介作用,但在感知社会敌意与大学生内隐攻击之间无中介效应。     

社会支持与成年早期孤独感：有调节的中介模型

为探讨社会支持与成年早期孤独的关系,调查了556名大学生,运用SEM法、Bootstrap法、多组分析法考察社交自我效能与负性情绪在其中的影响机制及留守经历的调节。结果表明：社交自我效能、负性情绪在社会支持和孤独感之间的中介效应显著;社交自我效能和负性情绪在社会支持对孤独感的影响中起链式中介作用;留守经历对社会支持和孤独感关系存在调节作用。研究结果证实了社会支持影响孤独感及社交自我效能和负性情绪在其中的内在机制。     

《狼来了》——无聊感诱发不诚实行为

<正>无聊作为一种常见的、不可忽视的情绪体验,潜移默化地影响着我们的日常生活。无聊是每个人都可能经历的一种状态,比如在堵车、排队等待、输入大量数据时。不时听到身边的同学抱怨生活太枯燥、乏味,学习生活丧失兴趣和缺乏意义感。无聊作为一种负性情绪,对注意、认知、情绪、个体行为等方面所产生的消极影响远大于积极影响。     

负性情绪状态对短时记忆表征的影响

情绪状态的起伏影响着我们记忆的内容。研究发现,负性情绪影响短时记忆的表征。这符合负性情绪对信息加工的双刃作用：负性情绪状态可使人警觉,调整注意范围内的认知资源分配以优化个别信息表征的加工;负性情绪又可干扰认知控制,减少短时间内同时记住事物的数量。然而,这一发现可能受情绪诱发、短时记忆任务和个体差异因素的影响。通过回顾该领域的研究,从理论和实证研究的角度探讨负性情绪如何通过注意焦点影响短时记忆表征。     

负性生活事件与初中生内化问题：反刍思维的中介作用与同伴依恋的调节作用

基于素质-压力模型及依恋的内部工作模式理论,研究考察了反刍思维在负性生活事件与初中生内化问题关系中的中介作用,以及同伴依恋的调节作用。研究从武汉和商丘两所初中三个年级共选取800名初中生,采用问卷法对其负性生活事件、反刍思维、同伴依恋及抑郁和焦虑情况进行调查。结果显示：(1)在控制性别、年龄、年级、独生与否后,负性生活事件对初中生抑郁和焦虑均具有显著正向预测作用;(2)反刍思维能够在负性生活事件与抑郁和焦虑的关系中起中介作用;(3)反刍思维在负性生活事件与初中生抑郁、焦虑关系中的中介作用会受到同伴依恋的调节;(4)同伴依恋能够调节负性生活事件与抑郁之间的关系,但在负性生活事件与焦虑之间的调节作用不显著。研究结果揭示了负性生活事件对青少年内化问题产生影响的心理机制,为引导青少年提升同伴依恋水平,促进心理健康发展提供了有益建议。     

生命史权衡的内在机制:动机控制策略的中介作用

本研究基于生命史理论框架,通过整合生命史理论以及毕生发展动机理论的研究,进一步探索并验证生命史权衡的内在机制:动机控制策略(而非控制感)的中介效应。研究1采取问卷调查的方法,选取Mini-K量表以及首要–次级控制优化量表,结果表明,最优化策略、选择性首要控制以及选择性次级控制均发挥中介作用。研究2采用实验法,针对性地验证暴露在负性环境线索中的个体的最优化策略是否起中介作用,结果表明,最优化策略中介童年社会经济地位和延迟满足的关系。     

负性生活事件、社会支持和创伤后应激障碍症状：对汶川地震后青少年的追踪研究

创伤后应激障碍是灾难后常见的心理病理问题, 灾后继发负性生活事件和社会支持是影响创伤后应激障碍症状的重要因素。该研究采用追踪设计, 历时2年对汶川地震后都江堰地区1573名青少年进行3次测查, 考察震后继发负性生活事件、不同类型社会支持与创伤后应激障碍症状之间的相互作用关系。研究发现：不同类型的社会支持与震后继发负性生活事件、创伤后应激障碍症状存在不同的作用关系; 震后继发负性生活事件不仅直接影响个体的心理健康还对个体的社会支持系统有损害; 震后负性生活事件、主观支持与创伤后应激障碍症状存在联动效应, 即三者中任一方面的变化都可能引起其他方面的变化。     

Causes of boredom: The person,the situation,or both?

Some theories emphasize the role of the situation, some emphasize the role of the person, and some emphasize the interaction between situation and person in causing boredom. The present study examines these models by determining whether boredom propensity (person) and/or experimental condition (situation) independently or in interaction affected state boredom. The study also examined the relative contribution of behavioural activation and inhibition to state boredom. Boredom propensity and condition significantly and independently predicted state boredom, as did the interaction between behavioural inhibition and condition. Implications are discussed, including the possibility of two distinct causes of boredom.     

Situational meaninglessness and state boredom: Cross-sectional and experience-sampling findings

Theories of boredom assert that boredom is a product of situational meaninglessness. We conducted two studies to test if the perceived meaningfulness of a situation is associated with state boredom, above and beyond sadness, personality traits, and boredom proneness. In Study 1, 105 participants (72.4% female: mean age?=?33.9 years, SD?=?17.5) described situations in which they experienced boredom, no boredom, engagement, or sadness. They then rated the level of state boredom, sadness, and meaninglessness that they experienced in that situation. As hypothesized, state boredom was associated with situational meaninglessness, before and after controlling for sadness. In Study 2, 148 participants (73.0% female; mean age?=?19.2 years, SD?=?1.8) first provided baseline data on personality traits and boredom proneness. Through a smartphone app-based experience-sampling method, they then responded to a brief questionnaire multiple times a day, across 7 days. The questionnaire asked about the nature of their current activity, whether the activity was done alone or with other people, and their affective state. Results from multilevel modelling of 3022 entries suggest that perceived meaningfulness of the activity was negatively associated with state boredom, above and beyond sadness, personality, and boredom proneness. We also found that being with others during the activity acted as a moderator; activities lower in perceived meaningfulness were associated with higher ratings of state boredom when done with others than when done alone. These results demonstrate that perceptions of meaninglessness characterize state boredom.     

Time flies when you're having fun: temporal estimation and the experience of boredom

Boredom is a common experience in healthy individuals and may be elevated in various neurological or psychiatric conditions. As yet, very little is known about the cognitive or neural bases of the subjective experience of boredom. We examined temporal perception and the temporal allocation of attention in healthy individuals reporting high- or low-levels of boredom. We found no difference in high- or low-boredom-prone individuals in the temporal allocation of attention, while individuals who experienced low-levels of boredom tended to underestimate time more so than high-boredom-prone individuals. Furthermore, high-boredom-prone individuals demonstrated higher error values when estimating time indicating that the subjective perception of the passage of time may be a critical component to the experience of boredom.     

Risk-taking increases under boredom

We examined if boredom is associated with risk-taking. Although this association has frequently been postulated, it has rarely been tested, and the evidence has thus far been rather indirect and speculative. We conducted three studies to test this association more systematically. In Study 1, people high in boredom proneness reported greater risk-taking across financial, ethical, recreational, and health or safety domains. In Study 2, over a series of risky decisions, risk-taking increased in tandem with state boredom. Consistently, in Study 3, people who felt more bored were more likely to choose risky gambles. Furthermore, while dispositional self-control predicted lower risk-taking, state boredom nullified this association, suggesting that elevated risk-taking might be attributed the erosion of self-control under boredom. Our findings establish via direct empirical tests that boredom is associated with making riskier decisions.     

Tedium Vitae: Or, My Life as a 'Net Serf'

Boredom, like pain, is a subjective experience, but while the sources of pain can be either internal or external to the subject, the causes of boredom are always external. Understanding boredom as a reaction to external influences requires inquiries into the subjective awareness of boredom and into the social and cultural conditions giving rise to boredom. After briefly investigating these areas, I suggest that in the past boredom was seen as a necessary ingredient to creative inspiration and self-understanding, and as a contributor to autonomy in judgment and taste. I argue for a new form of boredom seen only with recent advances in information technology. Increasingly, individuals spend their work hours involved in electronic mail and on-line information interaction. The attempt to match the speed and capacity of information technology results in restricted modes of behaviour and cognitive saturation. As a consequence, one is aware of one's boredom but no cognitive capacity remains to consider realms outside the immediate moment. I conclude with the suggestion that the boredom that accompanies involvement in information technology produces a self-identity crafted by technological intervention and fashion, yields the false autonomy of a manipulated consumer, and invites superficial social relations.     

Unsqueezing the Soul: Expanding Choices by Reframing and Redirecting Boredom

A significant amount of research has been devoted to the nature of boredom and how to overcome, get rid of, or otherwise negate the unwanted effects of this complicated problem. Curiously, extremely little has been published on how to better accept boredom and to learn from its message. The clinical emphasis discussed in this paper is on reframing boredom and then redirecting its power in the direction of either awareness or introspection.     

Can boredom help? Increased prosocial intentions in response to boredom

Boredom is typically regarded a nuisance. Past research on boredom depicts this common emotion as a correlate of many detrimental psychological and social factors, including addiction, depression, discrimination, and aggression. We present a more nuanced perspective on boredom. Specifically, we propose and test that state boredom serves an important self-regulatory function with the potential to foster positive interpersonal consequences: It signals a lack of purpose in activity and fosters a search for meaningful engagement. We examined whether boredom can subsequently cause prosocial intentions if the corresponding prosocial behavior is seen as purposeful. As predicted, boredom, which is characterized by a search for meaning (pilot study), promoted prosocial intentions (Experiment 1), in particular when the corresponding behavior was seen as highly meaningful (Experiment 2). Our novel findings suggest that boredom can have desirable consequences and recasts this emotion as not merely good or bad but rather as personally and socially functional.     

Unidirectional cycles of boredom,boredom coping strategies,and engagement among prospective teachers

This study examined the mediating roles of prospective teachers’ boredom coping strategies in the relationships between their levels of boredom and four aspects of engagement, and explored the unidirectional cycles of their levels of boredom, boredom coping strategies, and engagement. A total of 467 prospective teachers, majoring in primary school teaching, computer education and instructional technology teaching, mathematics teaching, English language teaching, special education teaching, and preschool teaching, voluntarily participated in the study. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to examine the reciprocal relationships between prospective teachers’ boredom, boredom coping strategies, and engagement. Results showed that the relationships between prospective teachers’ levels of boredom and cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, and behavioral engagement were significantly mediated by cognitive-approach strategies. Results also showed that the prospective teachers’ levels of boredom were reciprocally related to their emotional engagement through cognitive-approach strategies. Results suggest that the negative effects of boredom on cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, and behavioral engagement in the lessons can be significantly decreased by encouraging prospective teachers to adopt cognitive-approach strategies when they experience boredom. Results also suggest that prospective teachers may significantly decrease their levels of boredom not only by adopting cognitive-approach strategies, but also by increasing their emotional engagement during the lessons.     

A self-regulatory approach to understanding boredom proneness

We investigated the relationship between self-regulation and two types of boredom proneness (perceived lack of internal stimulation, perceived lack of external stimulation) using a variety of measures of self-regulation. These included a general measure of self-control, measures of both regulatory focus (i.e., promotion or a sensitivity to gains/non-gains vs. prevention or a sensitivity to losses/non-losses) and regulatory mode (i.e., assessment or the tendency to compare means and goals vs. locomotion or the tendency to initiate and maintain commitment to action), and measures of cognitive flexibility (i.e., a perceived sense of control and the tendency to seek alternative solutions). Results identified a unique set of factors related to each boredom proneness component. Trait self-control and prevention focus were associated with lower boredom propensity due to a lack of external stimulation. Locomotion and the tendency to seek alternatives were associated with lower boredom propensity due to a lack of internal stimulation. These findings suggest that effective goal pursuit is associated with reduced likelihood of experiencing boredom.     

Boredom proneness in pathological gambling

To test the hypothesis that pathological gamblers seek stimulation as a means of reducing aversive under-aroused states of boredom and/or depression, the Beck Depression Inventory, Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale and a Boredom Proneness Scale were administered to 48 diagnosed pathological gamblers and a control group of 40 family physician patients. Analyses of variance showed pathological gamblers obtained significantly higher boredom proneness and depression scores than those of controls. That the Boredom Proneness Scale failed to correlate with the Zuckerman Boredom Susceptibility subscale suggested the two measure differing dimensions. Results indicated the possible existence of three subtypes of pathological gamblers, one group characterized by boredom, another by depression, and a third by a mixture of both depression and boredom.